The Dez lives!!!

[Darkduskk]

Uberrimae fidei - Of the utmost good faith
Ubi amor, ibi oculus - Where love is, there is insight
Ubi bene, ibi patria - Where you feel good, there is your home
Ubi concordia, ibi victoria - Where is the unity, there is the victory. (Publius Syrus)
Ubi dubium ibi libertas - Where there is doubt, there is freedom
Ubi est mea anaticula cumminosa? - Wheres my rubber ducky?
Ubi fumus, ibi ignis - Where there's smoke, there's fire
Ubi maior, minor cessat - The weak (minor) capitulates before the strong (major)
Ubi mel ibi apes - Where honey, there bees, i.e., if you want support, you must offer something in return
Ubi revera (Ubi re vera) - When, in reality
Ubi spiritus est cantus est - Where there is spirit there is song
Ubi sunt? - Where are they (the good old days)?
Ubi supra - Where (cited) above
Ubicumque homo est, ibi benefici locus est - Wherever there is a man, there is a place of/for kindness/service
Ubique - Everywhere
Ultima ratio regum - The final argument of kings
Ultima ratio - Ultimate sanction
Ultima Thule - The most distant Thule
Ultimo (ult.) - Of the previous month
Ultimus Romanorum - The last of the Romans
Ultra posse nemo obligatur - No one is obligated beyond what he is able to do
Ultra vires - Beyond the powers or legal authority
Un idea perplexi na - The idea is strange to us
Una hirundo non facit ver - One Swallow does not make Summer. (Horace)
Una salus victis nullam sperare salutem - The one safety for the vanquished is to abandon hope of safety knowing there is no hope can give one the courage to fight and win
Una voce - With one's voice
Unitam logica falsa tuam philosophiam totam suffodiant! - May faulty logic undermine your entire philosophy!
Unitas mirabile vinculum - The wonderful bond of unity
Unum necessarium - The one necessary
Unus multorum - One of many. (Horace)
Urbanus et instructus - A gentleman and a scholar
Urbem lateritiam invenit, marmoream reliquit - He found a city [Rome] of bricks and left a city of marble. (Augustus)
Urbi et orbi - To the city [Rome] and to the globe - a blessing of the pope
Ut ameris, ama! - To be loved, love!
Ut desint vires, tamen est laudanda voluntas - Although the power is lacking, the will is commendable. (Ovid)
Ut dictum (ut dict.) - As directed
Ut humiliter opinor - In my humble opinion
Ut incepit fidelis sic permanet - As loyal as she began, so she remains
Ut infra - As below
Ut sementem feceris, ita metes - As you sow, so shall you reap. (Cicero)
Ut si! - As if!
Ut sit magna, tamen certe lenta ira deorum est - The wrath of the gods may be great, but it certainly is slow
Ut supra (ut sup.) - As above
Uti foro - To play the market
Uti possidetis - As you possess
Uti, non abuti - To use, not abuse
Utile et dulce - Useful and pleasant
Utinam barbari spatium proprium tuum invadant! - May barbarians invade your personal space!
Utinam coniurati te in foro interficiant! - May conspirators assassinate you in the mall!
Utinam populus romanus unam cervicem haberet! - If only the Roman people had one neck!
Uva uvam videndo varia fit - A grape changes color in seeing another grape. A bad/good friend makes you a bad/good person

Vacca foeda - Stupid cow
Vacca, vacca, vacca - Cow, cow, cow
Vade in pace - Go in peace. (Roman way of saying goodbye)
Vade mecum - Come with me. A constant companion
Vae victis! - Woe to the conquered! (vanquished) (Livy)
Vagans - Cruising
Vah! Denuone Latine loquebar? Me ineptum. Interdum modo elabitur - Oh! Was I speaking Latin again? Silly me. Sometimes it just sort of slips out
Vale, lacerte! - See you later, alligator!
Vale - Farewell
Valui ad satanam in computatrum meum invocandum - I succeeded in summoning satan into my computer
Vanitas vanitatvm, omnis vanitas - Vanity of vanities, all is vanity
Varia lecto (v.l.) - Variant reading
Variatio delectat - There's nothing like change! (Cicero)
Variorum - Of various people
Velle est posse - To be willing is to be able
Veni vidi duci - I came, I saw, I calculated
Veni, vidi, vici - I came, I saw, I conquered. (Julius Caesar)
Veni, Vidi, Visa - I Came, I Saw, I Shopped
Veni, Vidi, volo in domum redire - I came, I saw, I want to go home
Venienti occurrite morbo - Meet the misfortune as it comes. (Persius)
Venire facias - You must make come
Ventis secundis, tene cursum - Go with the flow
Ventis secundis, tene/tenete cursum - The winds being favorable, hold the course
Verba de futuro - Words about the future
Verba movent, exempla trahunt - Words move people, examples draw/compel them. Deeds, not words, give the example
Verba volant, (littera) scripta manet - Words fly away, the written (letter) remains
Verbatim et litteratim - Word for word and letter for letter
Verbatim - Exactly as said
Verbum sapienti satis est (verb. sap.) - A word to the wise is sufficient. Enough said
Veritas Lux Mea - The truth enlightens me / The truth is my light
Veritas numquam perit - Truth never perishes. (Seneca)
Veritas odit moras - Truth hates delay. (Seneca)
Veritas vincit - Truth conquers
Veritas vos liberabit - The truth will set you free
Verso - Reverse
Versus - Against
Verum et factum convertuntur - The true and the made are interchangeable. One can know with certainty only what he have created himself
Verveces tui similes pro ientaculo mihi appositi sunt - I have jerks like you for breakfast
Vesanum poetam qui sapiunt fugiunt - Anyone with a brain flees a versifying poet
Vescere bracis meis - Eat my shorts
Vestigia terrent - The footprints frighten me. (Horace)
Vestis virum reddit - The clothes make the man. (Quintilianus)
Veto - I forbid
Vi et armis - By force and arms
Via Crucis - The Way of the Cross
Via Dolorosa - The Way of Sorrow
Via Lactea - The Milky Way
Via media - A middle way or course
Via - By way of
Vice versa - In reverse order
Vice - In place of
Victis honor - Honour to the vanquished
Victoria Imperatrix Regina (VIR) - Victoria, Empress and Queen
Victoria Regina (VR) - Queen Victoria
Victoria Regina et Imperatrix (VRI) - Victoria, Queen and Empress
Victoria, non praeda - Victory, not loot
Victurus te saluto - He who is about to win salutes you
Vide et credere - See and believe
Vide ut supra - See the above
Vide - See
Videlicet (viz.) - That is to say; To wit; Namely
Video meliora proboque deteriora sequor - I see the better way and approve it, but I follow the worse way
Videre est credere - Seeing is believing
Videtis quantum scelus contra rem publicam vobis nuntiatum sit? - How great an evil do you see that may have been announced by you against the Republic? (Cicero)
Vidistine nuper imagines moventes bonas? - Seen any good movies lately?
Vigilando, agendo, bene consulendo, prospera omnia cedunt - By watching, by doing, by counsulting well, these things yield all things prosperous. (Sallust)
Vincere est totum - To win is everything
Vincit omnia amor - Love conquers all
Vincit omnia veritas - Truth conquers all
Vincit qui se vincit - He conquers who conquers himself
Vinculum unitatis - The bond of unity
Vinum bellum iucunumque est, sed animo corporeque caret - It's a nice little wine, but it lacks character and depth
Vinum et musica laetificant cor - Wine and music gladden the heart
Vir bonus, dicendi peritus - A good man, skilled in speaking. (definition of an orator) (Cato the Elder)
Vir prudens non contra ventum mingit - A wise man does not urinate against the wind
Vir sapit qui pauca loquitor - It is a wise man who speaks little
Vir sapit qui pauca loquitur - That man is wise who talks little (know when to hold your tongue)
Vires acquirit eundo - It gains strength by going / as it goes. (Virgil)
Virginibus puerisque - For maidens and youths
Virgo intacta - Intact virgin
Viri sunt viri - Men are slime
Virtus in medio stat - Virtue stands in the middle
Virtute et armis - By courage and by arms
Virtvs probata florescit - Manly excellence in trial flourished
Virtvtis fortvna comes - Good luck is the companion of courage
Virum mihi, Camena, insece versutum - Tell me, O Muse, of the skillful man. (Livius Andronicus)
Virus - Poison or slime
Vis comica - Sense of humour
Vis consili expers mole ruit sua - Brute force bereft of wisdom falls to ruin by its own weight. (Discretion is the better part of valor) (Horace)
Vis inertiae - The power of inertia - why things never change
Vis maior - Higher force
Vis medicatrix naturae - The healing power of nature
Visa - Things seen
Visne saltare? Viam Latam Fungosam scio - Do you want to dance? I know the Funky Broadway
Visne saltare? - Do you want to dance?
Vita brevis, ars lunga - Life is short, art is long
Vita contin git. Vive com eo - Life happens. Live with it
Vita luna! - Crazy life!
Vita mutatur, non tollitur - Life is changed, not taken away
Vita non est vivere sed valere vita est - Life is more than merely staying alive
Vita sine libris mors est - Life without books is death
Vitam impendere vero - To risk one's life for the truth
Vitam regit fortuna, non sapientia - Fortune, not wisdom, rules lives. (Cicero)
Vitanda est improba siren desidia - One must avoid that wicked temptress, Laziness. (Horace)
Vitiis nemo sine nascitur - No-one is born without faults. (Horace)
Viva voce - With living voice
Vivat regina - Long live the queen
Vivat rex - Long live the king
Vivat, crescat, floreat! - May he/she/it live, grow, and flourish!
Vive hodie - Live today (not tomorrow)
Vive vt vivas - Live that you may live
Vivere commune est, sed non commune mereri - Everybody lives; not everybody deserves to
Vivere disce, cogita mori - Learn to live; Remember death. (sundial inscription)
Vivos voco, mortuos plango - I call the living, I mourn the dead. (church bell inscription)
Vix ulla tam iniqua pax, quin bello vel aequissimo sit potior - Scarcely is there any peace so unjust that it is better than even the fairest war. (Erasmus)
Vixere fortes ante agamemnona - Brave men lived before Agamemnon. (heroism exists even if it's not recorded)
Vixit - He/she has lived
Vltima ratio regvm - The final argument of kings. (motto of Louis XIV on his cannon)
Vltra vires - Beyond [one's] authority outside the jurisdiction
Volens et potens - Willing and able
Volente Deo - God willing
Volenti non fit iniuria - A person who consents does not suffer injustice
Volo anaticulam cumminosam meam! - I want my rubber ducky!
Volo, non valeo - I am willing but unable
Volvptates commendat rarior vsvs - Infrequent use commends pleasure. (moderation in all things)
Vos vestros servate, meos mihi linquite mores - You cling to your own ways and leave mine to me. (Petrarch)
Vox clamantis in deserto - Voice crying in the desert. (voice in the wilderness unheeded warning, an opinion not in the mainstream
Vox populi, vox Dei - The voice of the people is the voice of God. (Public opinion is obligatory)
Vox populi - The voice of the people
Vrbi et orbi - To the city and to the world. (preface of Papal documents)
Vulnerant omnes, ultima necat - Every (hour) wounds, the last kills. (sundial inscription)
Vulpem pilum mutat, non mores - A fox may change its hair, not its tricks. (People change behaviour but not their aims)
Vultus est index animi - The face is the index of the soul/mind

[Darkduskk]

And that's all she wrote BD

[Harli]

101. bridge BRIDGE [bridge] structure built over water or any obstacle or depression to allow the passage of pedestrians or vehicles. See also viaduct . Early Bridges In ancient times and among primitive peoples a log was thrown across a stream, or two vines or woven fibrous ropes (the upper for a handhold and


102. fog FOG [fog] aggregation of water droplets or ice crystals immediately above the surface of the earth (i.e., a cloud near the ground). A light or thin fog is usually called a mist. Fog may occur when the moisture content of the air is increased beyond the saturation point. For example, fog usually


103. soap SOAP [soap] a cleansing agent. It cleanses by lowering the surface tension of water, by emulsifying grease, and by absorbing dirt into the foam. Ancient peoples are believed to have employed wood ashes and water for washing and to have relieved the resulting irritation with grease or oil. In the


104. solution SOLUTION [solution] in chemistry, homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. The dissolving medium is called the solvent , and the dissolved material is called the solute. A solution is distinct from a colloid or a suspension . In most common solutions, the solvent is a liquid, often water, and


105. drainage DRAINAGE [drainage] in mining, removal of water seeping into shafts and other underground mine workings from the surrounding ground. Unless seeping water is removed continually, it may endanger haulage and mining equipment, weaken supporting structures, and, in some instances, flood the mine


106. bore BORE [bore] inrush of water that advances upstream with a wavelike front, caused by the progress of incoming tide from a wide-mouthed bay into its narrower portion. The tidal movement tends to be retarded by friction as it reaches the shallower water and meets the river current; it therefore piles


107. mirage MIRAGE [mirage] , atmospheric optical illusion in which an observer sees in the distance a nonexistent body of water or an image, sometimes distorted, of some object or of a complete scene. Examples of mirages are pools of water seen over hot desert sand or over hot pavement; at sea, an inverted


108. radiator RADIATOR [radiator] device used to heat an area surrounding it or to cool a fluid circulating within it. The familiar radiators of steam and hot water heating systems in buildings are misnamed, as they operate principally by convection , in which heat is transferred by air currents, rather than by


109. sponge SPONGE [sponge] common name for members of the aquatic animal phylum Porifera , and for the dried, processed skeletons of certain species used to hold water. Over 4,500 living species are known; they are found throughout the world, especially in shallow temperate waters. All are marine except the


110. hydrogen fluoride HYDROGEN FLUORIDE [hydrogen fluoride] chemical compound, HF, a colorless, fuming liquid or colorless gas that boils at 19.54°C. It is miscible with water and is soluble in benzene, toluene, and concentrated sulfuric acid. Hydrofluoric acid is a water solution of hydrogen fluoride; hydrofluoric acid

111. waterway WATERWAY [waterway] natural or artificial navigable inland body of water, or system of interconnected bodies of water, used for transportation, may include a lake, river, canal, or any combination of these. The existence of waterways has been an important factor in the development of regions, for


112. forestry FORESTRY [forestry] the management of forest lands for wood , water, wildlife, forage, and recreation. Because the major economic importance of the forest lies in wood and wood products, forestry has been chiefly concerned with timber management, especially reforestation, maintenance of the extant


113. standpipe STANDPIPE [standpipe] tank or pipe for holding water in an elevated position to create pressure in a water supply system. For a tall building, where the pressure from the mains at street level is insufficient to raise the water to the upper floors, water is pumped up to the standpipe and fed by


114. capillarity CAPILLARITY [capillarity] or capillary action, phenomenon in which the surface of a liquid is observed to be elevated or depressed where it comes into contact with a solid. For example, the surface of water in a clean drinking glass is seen to be slightly higher at the edges, where it contacts the


115. irrigation IRRIGATION [irrigation] in agriculture, artificial watering of the land. Although used chiefly in regions with annual rainfall of less than 20 in. (51 cm), it is also used in wetter areas to grow certain crops, e.g., rice. Estimates of total irrigated land in the world range from 543 to 618 million


116. well WELL [well] aperture in the earth's surface through which substances in a natural underground reservoir, such as water, gas, oil, salt, and sulfur, can flow or be pumped to the surface. In the United States, until some years after the Civil War, the majority of wells were open, i.e., holes dug in


117. tide TIDE [tide] alternate and regular rise and fall of sea level in oceans and other large bodies of water. These changes are caused by the gravitational attraction of the moon and, to a lesser extent, of the sun on the earth. More generally, tides are the deformations of celestial bodies from a


118. herring HERRING [herring] common name for members of the large, widely distributed family Clupeidae, comprising many species of marine and fresh-water food fishes, including the sardine ( Sardinia ), the menhaden ( Brevoortia ), and the shad ( Alosa ). Herrings are relatively small but very abundant; they


119. transportation TRANSPORTATION [transportation] conveyance of goods and people over land, across water, and through the air. See also commerce . Transportation over Land Land transportation first began with the carrying of goods by people. The ancient civilizations of Central America, Mexico, and Peru transported


120. Croton Aqueduct CROTON AQUEDUCT [Croton Aqueduct] , 38 mi (61 km) long, SE N.Y., carrying water from the Croton River basin to New York City; built 1837-42. It was one of the earliest modern aqueducts in the United States. Water impounded by New Croton Dam (completed 1905) is channeled S to the Bronx, for most of


121. molecular weight MOLECULAR WEIGHT [molecular weight] weight of a molecule of a substance expressed in atomic mass units (amu). The molecular weight may be calculated from the molecular formula of the substance; it is the sum of the atomic weights of the atoms making up the molecule. For example, water has the


122. carbonated beverage CARBONATED BEVERAGE [carbonated beverage] an effervescent drink that releases carbon dioxide under conditions of normal atmospheric pressure. Carbonation may occur naturally in spring water that has absorbed carbon dioxide at high pressures underground. It can also be a byproduct of fermentation,


123. pollution POLLUTION [pollution] contamination of the environment as a result of human activities. The term pollution refers primarily to the fouling of air, water, and land by wastes (see air pollution ; water pollution ; solid waste ). In recent years it has come to signify a wider range of disruptions to


124. hydrogen sulfide HYDROGEN SULFIDE [hydrogen sulfide] chemical compound, H 2 S, a colorless, extremely poisonous gas that has a very disagreeable odor, much like that of rotten eggs. It is slightly soluble in water and is soluble in carbon disulfide. Dissolved in water, it forms a very weak dibasic acid that is


125. Delaware Aqueduct DELAWARE AQUEDUCT [Delaware Aqueduct] dĕl´ewâr, -wer , SE N.Y., 85 mi (137 km) long, carrying water from the Rondout Reservoir, Sullivan co., SE into the New York City water system at the Hillview Reservoir, Westchester co.; built 1937-62. The tunnel taps the Delaware River basin and supplies more


126. weathering WEATHERING [weathering] collective term for the processes by which rock at or near the earth's surface is disintegrated and decomposed by the action of atmospheric agents, water, and living things. Some of these processes are mechanical, e.g., the expansion and contraction caused by sudden, large


127. formula weight FORMULA WEIGHT [formula weight] in chemistry, a quantity computed by multiplying the atomic weight (in atomic mass units) of each element in a formula by the number of atoms of that element present in the formula, and then adding all of these products together. For example, the formula weight of


128. snorkel SNORKEL [snorkel] tube through which a submarine or diver can draw air while underwater. When in use, the top of the snorkel tube extends above the water surface into the air. The first snorkels were probably devised in ancient times out of the hollow reeds that are common to many lakes and marsh


129. Colorado-Big Thompson project COLORADO-BIG THOMPSON PROJECT [Colorado-Big Thompson project] constructed by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation to divert water from the headstreams of the Colorado River to irrigate c.720,000 acres (291,400 hectares) of land in NE Colorado and to supply power; built 1938-56. Water is diverted by


130. rainmaking RAINMAKING [rainmaking] production of rain by artificial means now generally disregarded, though it is probable that rainmaking hastens or increases rainfall from clouds suitable for natural rainfall. Interest in rainmaking has been spurred by factors including drought and the need for irrigation


131. Central Valley project CENTRAL VALLEY PROJECT [Central Valley project] central Calif., long-term general scheme for the utilization of the water of the Sacramento River basin in the north for the benefit of the farmlands of the San Joaquin Valley in the south, undertaken by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation in 1935. The


132. silver chloride SILVER CHLORIDE [silver chloride] chemical compound, AgCl, a white cubic crystalline solid. It is nearly insoluble in water but is soluble in a water solution of ammonia, potassium cyanide, or sodium thiosulfate ( hypo ). On exposure to light it becomes a deep grayish blue due to its decomposition


133. urinary system URINARY SYSTEM [urinary system] group of organs of the body concerned with excretion of urine, that is, water and the waste products of metabolism. In humans, the kidneys are two small organs situated near the vertebral column at the small of the back, the left lying somewhat higher than the right.


134. air-cushion vehicle AIR-CUSHION VEHICLE [air-cushion vehicle] (ACV), craft designed to travel close to but above ground or water. It is also called a ground-effect machine or Hovercraft. These vehicles are supported in various ways. Some of them have a specially designed wing that will lift them just off the surface


135. calcium hydroxide CALCIUM HYDROXIDE [calcium hydroxide] Ca(OH) 2 , colorless crystal or white powder. It is prepared by reacting calcium oxide (lime) with water, a process called slaking, and is also known as hydrated lime or slaked lime. When heated above 580°C it dehydrates, forming the oxide. Like the oxide, it


136. specific heat SPECIFIC HEAT [specific heat] ratio of the heat capacity of a substance to the heat capacity of a reference substance, usually water. Heat capacity is the amount of heat needed to change the temperature of a unit mass 1°. The heat capacity of water is 1 calorie per gram per degree Celsius (1


137. Everglades EVERGLADES [Everglades] marshy, low-lying subtropical savanna area, c.4,000 sq mi (10,000 sq km), S Fla., extending from Lake Okeechobee S to Florida Bay. Characterized by water, sawgrass, hammocks (islandlike masses of vegetation), palms, pine and mangrove forests, and solidly packed black muck


138. hydrogen chloride HYDROGEN CHLORIDE [hydrogen chloride] chemical compound, HCl, a colorless, poisonous gas with an unpleasant, acrid odor. It is very soluble in water and readily soluble in alcohol and ether. It fumes in moist air. It is not flammable, and the liquid is a poor conductor of electricity. Hydrogen


139. antidiuretic hormone ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE [antidiuretic hormone] , polypeptide hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland . Its principal action is to regulate the amount of water excreted by the kidneys. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), known also as vasopressin, causes the kidneys to resorb water directly from the


140. ecology ECOLOGY [ecology] study of the relationships of organisms to their physical environment and to one another. The study of an individual organism or a single species is termed autecology; the study of groups of organisms is called synecology. The Ecosystem Within the biosphere —the total expanse of

141. Utah UTAH [Utah] , Rocky Mt. state of the W United States. It is bordered by Idaho and Wyoming (N), Colorado (E), Arizona (S), and Nevada (W), and touches New Mexico in the SE, at the Four Corners. Facts and FiguresArea, 84,916 sq mi (219,932 sq km), including 2,577 sq mi (6,674 sq km) of inland water


142. marsh antelope MARSH ANTELOPE [marsh antelope] name for members of a group of deerlike African antelopes , usually found in reeds or tall grasses near water. The males of this group have horns that curve back, up, and forward; females are hornless. Most marsh antelopes travel in small herds. The waterbucks are


143. shaft sinking SHAFT SINKING [shaft sinking] excavation from the surface of an opening in the earth. Shafts, which are generally vertical, are usually distinguished from tunnels , which are horizontal. Little difficulty is experienced in shaft sinking through solid rock, which contains little water. When loose,


144. hydrogen peroxide HYDROGEN PEROXIDE [hydrogen peroxide] chemical compound, H 2 O 2 , a colorless, syrupy liquid that is a strong oxidizing agent and, in water solution, a weak acid. It is miscible with cold water and is soluble in alcohol and ether. Although pure hydrogen peroxide is fairly stable, it decomposes


145. aquaculture AQUACULTURE [aquaculture] the raising and harvesting of fresh- and saltwater plants and animals. The most economically important form of aquaculture is fish farming, an industry that accounts for nearly 20% of world fisheries production, and is steadily increasing its share. Formerly a business for


146. calorie CALORIE [calorie] abbr. cal, unit of heat energy in the metric system. The measurement of heat is called calorimetry . The calorie, or gram calorie, is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of pure water 1°C. The kilocalorie, or kilogram calorie, is the quantity of heat


147. reclamation of land RECLAMATION OF LAND [reclamation of land] practice of converting land deemed unproductive into arable land by such methods as irrigation , drainage , flood control, altering the texture and mineral and organic content of soil (see fertilizer ), and checking erosion . In the United States, all these


148. gelatin GELATIN [gelatin] or animal jelly, foodstuff obtained from connective tissue (found in hoofs, bones, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage) of vertebrate animals by the action of boiling water or dilute acid. It is largely composed of denatured collagen , a protein particularly rich in the amino acids


149. borax BORAX [borax] or sodium tetraborate decahydrate , chemical compound, Na 2 B 4 O 7 ·10H 2 O; sp. gr. 1.73; slightly soluble in cold water; very soluble in hot water; insoluble in acids. Borax is a colorless, monoclinic crystalline salt; it also occurs as a white powder. It readily effloresces,


150. gills GILLS [gills] external respiratory organs of most aquatic animals. In fishes the gills are located in gill chambers at the rear of the mouth (pharynx). Water is taken in through the mouth, is forced through openings called gill slits, and then passes through the gill clefts, spaces between the



151. mussel MUSSEL [mussel] edible freshwater or marine bivalve mollusk. Mussels are able to move slowly by means of the muscular foot. They feed and breathe by filtering water through extensible tubes called siphons; a large mussel filters 10 gal (38 liters) of water per day. The close-fitting shells protect


152. ocean OCEAN [ocean] interconnected mass of saltwater covering 70.78% of the surface of the earth, often called the world ocean. It is subdivided into four major units that are separated from each other by the continental masses. See also oceanography . The World Ocean Of the four major units that


153. chloride CHLORIDE [chloride] , chemical compound containing chlorine. Most chlorides are salts that are formed either by direct union of chlorine with a metal or by reaction of hydrochloric acid (a water solution of hydrogen chloride ) with a metal, a metal oxide, or an inorganic base. Chloride salts


154. backswimmer BACKSWIMMER [backswimmer] common name for water bugs of the cosmopolitan family Notonectidae, so named because they swim upside down, usually near the surface of the water. They have oval bodies and long, oarlike hind legs, with which they swim rapidly, but their backs are more convex than those of


155. Northwest Passage NORTHWEST PASSAGE [Northwest Passage] water routes through the Arctic Archipelago, N Canada, and along the northern coast of Alaska between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Even though the explorers of the 16th cent. demonstrated that the American continents were a true barrier to a short route to


156. bog BOG [bog] very old lake without inlet or outlet that becomes acid and is gradually overgrown with a characteristic vegetation (see swamp ). Peat moss, or sphagnum , grows around the edge of the open water of a bog ( peat is obtained from old bogs) and out on the surface. With its continued growth,


157. thresher shark THRESHER SHARK [thresher shark] long-tailed, warm-water shark, genus Alopias. The upper fork of its tail is slender and sickle-shaped and is about equal in length to the rest of the body. This shark uses its tail to herd the small schooling fish on which it feeds; the tail is flailed from side to


158. root ROOT [root] in botany, the descending axis of a plant, as contrasted with the stem, the ascending axis. In most plants the root is underground, but in epiphytes the roots grow in the air and in hydrophytes (e.g., cattails and water lilies) they grow in water or marshes. Roots function to absorb


159. shaduf SHADUF [shaduf] or shadoof , primitive device used to lift water from a well or stream for irrigation purposes. Essentially the device consists of a long boom balanced across a horizontal support from 8 to 10 ft (2.4-3 m) above the ground. The beam has a long, thin end and a short, stubby end. From


160. estuary ESTUARY [estuary] , partially enclosed coastal body of water, having an open connection with the ocean, where freshwater from inland is mixed with saltwater from the sea. One type of estuary, called a drowned river valley, can be caused by crustal subsidence or a rise in sea level. Chesapeake Bay


161. Ashokan Reservoir ASHOKAN RESERVOIR [Ashokan Reservoir] , 13 sq mi (34 sq km), SE N.Y., completed 1912. It is supplied by the Esopus and Schoharie watersheds and provides part of New York City's water supply. Water is carried to the city via the 92-mi-long (148-km) Catskill Aqueduct. Completed in 1917, the aqueduct


162. snow SNOW [snow] precipitation formed by the sublimation of water vapor into solid crystals at temperatures below freezing. Sublimation resulting in the formation of snow takes place about a dust particle, as in the formation of raindrops. Snowflakes form symmetrical (hexagonal) crystals, sometimes


163. fire fighting FIRE FIGHTING [fire fighting] the use of strategy, personnel, and apparatus to extinguish, to confine, or to escape from fire. Fire-Fighting Strategy Fire fighting strategy involves the following basic procedures: arriving at the scene of the fire as rapidly as possible; assessing the nature of the


164. Chordata CHORDATA [Chordata] , phylum of animals having a notochord, or dorsal stiffening rod, as the chief internal skeletal support at some stage of their development. Most chordates are vertebrates (animals with backbones), but the phylum also includes some small marine invertebrate animals. The three


165. Nile NILE [Nile] longest river in the world, c.4,160 mi (6,695 km) long from its remotest headstream, the Luvironza River in Burundi, central Africa, to its delta on the Mediterranean Sea, NE Egypt. The Nile flows northward and drains c.1,100,000 sq mi (2,850,000 sq km), about one tenth of Africa,


166. fish FISH [fish] limbless aquatic vertebrate animal with fins and internal gills. There are three living classes of fish: the primitive jawless fishes, or Agnatha; the cartilaginous (sharklike) fishes, or Chondrichthyes; and the bony fishes, or Osteichthyes. These groups, although quite different from


167. boiler BOILER [boiler] device for generating steam. It consists of two principal parts: the furnace, which provides heat, usually by burning a fuel, and the boiler proper, a device in which the heat changes water into steam. A steam engine is driven by steam generated under pressure in a boiler. The


168. rain RAIN [rain] precipitation in liquid form. It consists of drops of water falling from clouds; if the drops are very small, they are collectively termed drizzle. Rain plays a key role in the hydrologic, or water, cycle in which moisture from the oceans evaporates, condenses into clouds, precipitates


169. sodium carbonate SODIUM CARBONATE [sodium carbonate] chemical compound, Na 2 CO 3 , soluble in water and very slightly soluble in alcohol. Pure sodium carbonate is a white, odorless powder that absorbs moisture from the air, has an alkaline taste, and forms a strongly alkaline water solution. It is one of the most


170. seaplane SEAPLANE [seaplane] airplane designed to take off from and alight on water. The two most common types are the floatplane, whose fuselage is supported by struts attached to two or more pontoon floats, and the flying boat, whose boat-hull fuselage is constructed with the buoyancy and strength

171. pipe PIPE [pipe] hollow structure, usually cylindrical, for conducting materials. It is used primarily to convey liquids, gases, or solids suspended in a liquid, e.g., a slurry. It is also used as a conduit for electric wires. The earliest pipes were probably made of bamboo, used by the Chinese to carry


172. psychrometer PSYCHROMETER [psychrometer] , one of many instruments used for measuring the water vapor content or relative humidity of the atmosphere. It consists of two identical thermometers—the wet-bulb thermometer, so called because its bulb is covered with a jacket of tight-fitting muslin cloth that can be


173. mortar MORTAR [mortar] in building, mixture of lime or cement with sand and water, used as a bedding and adhesive between adjacent pieces of stone, brick, or other material in masonry construction. Lime mortar, a common variety, consists usually of one volume of well-slaked lime to three or four volumes


174. Echinodermata ECHINODERMATA [Echinodermata] [Grspiny skin], phylum of exclusively marine bottom-dwelling invertebrates having external skeletons of calcareous plates just beneath the skin. The plates may be solidly fused together, as in sea urchins , loosely articulated to facilitate movement, as in sea stars


175. respiration RESPIRATION [respiration] process by which an organism exchanges gases with its environment. The term now refers to the overall process by which oxygen is abstracted from air and is transported to the cells for the oxidation of organic molecules while carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and water, the products


176. frost FROST [frost] or hoarfrost, ice formed by the condensation of atmospheric water vapor on a surface when the temperature of the surface is below 32°F (0°C). In the formation of frost, a gas (water vapor) is changed directly to a solid (see dew ). Frost often appears as a light feathery deposit of


177. corrosion CORROSION [corrosion] atmospheric oxidation of metals (see oxidation and reduction ). By far the most important form of corrosion is the rusting of iron . Rusting is essentially a process of oxidation in which iron combines with water and oxygen to form rust, the reddish-brown crust that forms on


178. cupric sulfate CUPRIC SULFATE [cupric sulfate] or copper (II) sulfate, chemical compound, CuSO 4 , taking the form of white rhombohedral crystals or amorphous powder. It decomposes at 650°C to cupric oxide (CuO). It is fairly soluble in water and when dissolved forms the pentahydrate, CuSO 4 ·5H 2 O, the form


179. detergent DETERGENT [detergent] , substance that aids in the removal of dirt. Detergents act mainly on the oily films that trap dirt particles. The detergent molecules have a hydrocarbon portion, soluble in oil, and an ionic portion, soluble in water. The detergent acts as an emulsifier, i.e., by bridging

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180. sodium chloride SODIUM CHLORIDE [sodium chloride] NaCl, common salt. Properties Sodium chloride is readily soluble in water and insoluble or only slightly soluble in most other liquids. It forms small, transparent, colorless to white cubic crystals. Sodium chloride is odorless but has a characteristic taste. It is

181. Raoult's law RAOULT'S LAW [Raoult's law] [for F. M. Raoult, a French physicist and chemist] states that the addition of solute to a liquid lessens the tendency for the liquid to become a solid or a gas, i.e., reduces the freezing point and the vapor pressure (see solution ). For example, the addition of salt to


182. canal CANAL [canal] an artificial waterway constructed for navigation or for the movement of water. The digging of canals for irrigation probably dates back to the beginnings of agriculture, and traces of canals have been found in the regions of ancient civilizations. Canals are also used to provide


183. deliquescence DELIQUESCENCE [deliquescence] , conversion of a solid substance into a liquid as a result of absorption of water vapor from the air. Since impurities in a solid lower its melting point, the absorbed water causes a decrease in the normal melting point of the solid. If enough water is absorbed to


184. stalactite and stalagmite STALACTITE AND STALAGMITE [stalactite and stalagmite] , mineral forms often found in caves; sometimes collectively called dripstone. A stalactite is an icicle-shaped mass of calcite attached to the roof of a limestone cavern. Groundwater trickling through cracks in the roofs of such caverns


185. hydrothermal vent HYDROTHERMAL VENT [hydrothermal vent] crack along a rift or ridge in the deep ocean floor that spews out water heated to high temperatures by the magma under the earth's crust. Some vents are in areas of seafloor spreading , and in some locations water temperatures above 350°C (660°F) have been


186. pompano POMPANO [pompano] , common name for fishes of the genus Trachinotus, and for Palometus simillimus, members of a large and important family of mackerellike fishes, abundant in warm seas around the world. They have deeply forked tails set on thin stalks and swim swiftly, often with the dorsal fin


187. lipids LIPIDS [lipids] a broad class of organic products found in living systems. Most are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents. The definition excludes the mineral oils and other petroleum products obtained from fossil material. Major classes of lipids include the fatty acids , the


188. first aid FIRST AID [first aid] immediate and temporary treatment of a victim of sudden illness or injury while awaiting the arrival of medical aid. Proper early measures may be instrumental in saving life and ensuring a better and more rapid recovery. The avoidance of unnecessary movement and


189. bromide BROMIDE [bromide] any of a group of compounds that contain bromine and a more electropositive element or radical. Bromides are formed by the reaction of bromine or a bromide with another substance; they are widely distributed in nature. Most metal bromides are water soluble; exceptions are bromides


190. Archimedes' principle ARCHIMEDES' PRINCIPLE [Archimedes' principle] principle that states that a body immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the displaced fluid. The principle applies to both floating and submerged bodies and to all fluids, i.e., liquids and gases. It explains not only the

191. catchment area CATCHMENT AREA [catchment area] or drainage basin, area drained by a stream or other body of water. The limits of a given catchment area are the heights of land—often called drainage divides, or watersheds—separating it from neighboring drainage systems. The amount of water reaching the river,


192. Huang He HUANG HE [Huang He] Hwang Ho , or Yellow River, great river of N China, c.3,000 mi (4,830 km) long, rising in the Kunlun Mts., NW Qinghai prov., and flowing generally east into the great northern bend (around the Ordos Desert), then east again to the Bohai, an arm of the Yellow Sea. Course The


193. cultivation CULTIVATION [cultivation] tilling or manipulation of the soil, done primarily to eliminate weeds that compete with crops for water and nutrients. Cultivation may be used in crusted soils to increase soil aeration and infiltration of water; it may also be used to move soil to or away from plants as


194. personal watercfaft PERSONAL WATERCFAFT [personal watercfaft] (PWC), a lightweight vessel usually less than 16 ft (5 m) long that uses an inboard water jet pump, powered by an internal-combustion engine, as its primary source of propulsion. The PWC is operated by a person or persons sitting, standing, or kneeling on


195. climbing perch CLIMBING PERCH [climbing perch] or walking fish, member of the labyrinth fish family, adapted to living in oxygen-depleted water or on dry land. It is not related to the true perch. Labyrinth fishes are spiny-finned fishes of Africa and SE Asia, which have a labyrinthine chamber over the gills that

196. surface tension SURFACE TENSION [surface tension] tendency of liquids to reduce their exposed surface to the smallest possible area. A drop of water, for example, tends to assume the shape of a sphere. The phenomenon is attributed to cohesion, the attractive forces acting between the molecules of the liquid (see


197. rainbow RAINBOW [rainbow] arc showing the colors of the spectrum , violet inside and red outside, which appears when the sun shines through water droplets. It often appears while the sun is shining after a brief thundershower in the late afternoon or on fog layers. The sun, the observer's eye, and the


198. Devils Lake DEVILS LAKE [Devils Lake] 1 200 sq mi (520 sq km), NE central N.Dak., the largest natural body of water in the state. In an area of typically inland drainage, Devils Lake can range from a dry lakebed to more than 400 sq mi (1,040 sq km) in size, at which point it drains into the Sheyenne and Red


199. grebe GREBE [grebe] , common name for swimming birds found on or near quiet waters in most parts of the world. Grebes resemble the loon and the duck ; they have short wings, vestigial tails, and long, individually webbed toes on feet that are set far back on a short, stubby body. They float lower in the


200. hydrofoil HYDROFOIL [hydrofoil] flat or curved finlike device, attached by struts to the hull of a watercraft, that lifts the moving watercraft above the water's surface. The term is often extended to include the vessel itself. Like an aircraft wing in its appearance and function, the foil develops lift as

201. buffalo BUFFALO [buffalo] name commonly applied to the American bison but correctly restricted to certain related African and Asian mammals of the cattle family. The water buffalo, or Indian buffalo, Bubalus bubalis, is found in S Asia. It is a large, extremely strong, dark gray animal, standing nearly 6


202. turbine TURBINE [turbine] rotary engine that uses a continuous stream of fluid (gas or liquid) to turn a shaft that can drive machinery. A water, or hydraulic, turbine is used to drive electric generators in hydroelectric power stations. The first such station was built in Wisconsin in 1882. In a hydraulic


203. sirenian SIRENIAN [sirenian] or sea cow, name for a large aquatic mammal of the order Sirenia. Living sirenians are the dugong and the manatee, both found in warm, shallow waters in sheltered regions, where they feed on seaweeds and sea grasses. Sirenians are the only marine mammals, outside of the whale


204. sulfur dioxide SULFUR DIOXIDE [sulfur dioxide] chemical compound, SO 2 , a colorless gas with a pungent, suffocating odor. It is readily soluble in cold water, sparingly soluble in hot water, and soluble in alcohol, acetic acid, and sulfuric acid. It is corrosive to organic materials and dissolves in water to


205. barometer BAROMETER [barometer] , instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure. It was invented in 1643 by the Italian scientist Evangelista Torricelli, who used a column of water in a tube 34 ft (10.4 m) long. This inconvenient water column was soon replaced by mercury, which is denser than water and


206. calorimetry CALORIMETRY [calorimetry] , measurement of heat and the determination of heat capacity . Heat is evolved in exothermic processes and absorbed in endothermic processes; such processes include chemical reactions, transitions between the states of matter, and the mixing of two substances to form a


207. antifreeze ANTIFREEZE [antifreeze] substance added to a solvent to lower its freezing point. The solution formed is called an antifreeze mixture. Antifreeze is typically added to water in the cooling system of an internal-combustion engine so that it may be cooled below the freezing point of pure water (32°F


208. Great Artesian Basin GREAT ARTESIAN BASIN [Great Artesian Basin] c.670,000 sq mi (1,735,300 sq km), between the Eastern Highlands and the Western Plateau, E central Australia, extending S from the Gulf of Carpentaria, Queensland, to NE South Australia and N New South Wales. It is the world's largest artesian


209. New Orleans NEW ORLEANS [New Orleans] , city (1990 pop. 496,938), coextensive with Orleans parish, SE La., between the Mississippi River and Lake Pontchartrain, 107 mi (172 km) by water from the river mouth; founded 1718 by the sieur de Bienville , inc. 1805. It was built within a great bend of the Mississippi


210. Aquarius AQUARIUS [Aquarius] [Latwater carrier], large constellation located on the ecliptic (the sun's apparent path through the heavens) between Capricornus and Pisces; it is one of the constellations of the zodiac . Aquarius is sometimes represented as a man pouring water from a jar. Although it contains

211. carbon dioxide CARBON DIOXIDE [carbon dioxide] chemical compound, CO 2 , a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is about one and one-half times as dense as air under ordinary conditions of temperature and pressure. It does not burn, and under normal conditions it is stable, inert and nontoxic. It will however


212. erosion EROSION [erosion] , general term for the processes by which the surface of the earth is constantly being worn away. The principal agents are gravity, running water, near-shore waves, ice (mostly glaciers), and wind. All running water gathers and transports particles of soil or fragments of rock


213. landslide LANDSLIDE [landslide] rapid slipping of a mass of earth or rock from a higher elevation to a lower level under the influence of gravity and water lubrication. More specifically, rockslides are the rapid downhill movement of large masses of rock with little or no hydraulic flow, similar to an


214. Central Utah project CENTRAL UTAH PROJECT [Central Utah project] N central Utah; begun 1959 near Vernal, Utah, by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation in conjunction with the Colorado River storage project . Water, collected from streams in the Uinta Mts., is carried across the Wasatch Range to the densely populated Salt


215. submarine SUBMARINE [submarine] naval craft capable of operating for an extended period of time underwater. Submarines are almost always warships, although a few are used for scientific or business purposes (see also submersible ). Development of the Modern Submarine The first submarine used in combat (1776)


216. gum GUM [gum] term commonly applied to any of a wide variety of colloidal substances somewhat similar in appearance and general characteristics, exuded by or extracted from plants. In this classification, however, many substances that are not true gums are included, among them many resins , so-called


217. nitric acid NITRIC ACID [nitric acid] chemical compound, HNO 3 , colorless, highly corrosive, poisonous liquid that gives off choking red or yellow fumes in moist air. It is miscible with water in all proportions. It forms an azeotrope (constant-boiling mixture) that has the composition 68% nitric acid and 32%


218. Minnehaha Falls MINNEHAHA FALLS [Minnehaha Falls] [laughing water], 53 ft (16.1 m) high, SE Minn., in Minnehaha Creek, which flows from Lake Minnetonka (23 sq mi/60 sq km) SE to the Mississippi River. The surrounding area, including the gorge cut by the receding falls, is a state park. Most of the year only a thin


219. sea turtle SEA TURTLE [sea turtle] name for several species of large marine turtles found in tropical and subtropical oceans. These turtles are modified for life in the ocean by having flipperlike forelimbs without toes and lightweight shells. Their heads are too large to be withdrawn into the shell. They


220. Northeast Passage NORTHEAST PASSAGE [Northeast Passage] water route along the northern coast of Europe and Asia, between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Beginning in the 15th cent., efforts were made to find a new all-water route to India and China. Most of these attempts were directed at seeking a Northwest

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221. deuterium DEUTERIUM [deuterium] , isotope of hydrogen with mass no. 2. The deuterium nucleus, called a deuteron, contains one proton and one neutron. Deuterium is also called heavy hydrogen, and water in which the hydrogen atoms are deuterium is called heavy water (deuterium oxide, D 2 O). Deuterons are


222. crocodile CROCODILE [crocodile] large, carnivorous reptile of the order Crocodilia, found in tropical and subtropical regions. Crocodiles live in swamps or on river banks and catch their prey in the water. They have flattened bodies and tails, short legs, and powerful jaws. The eyes, ears, and nostrils are


223. snapping turtle SNAPPING TURTLE [snapping turtle] large, aggressive New World freshwater turtle . The two snapping turtle species are the sole members of the family Chelydridae. Snapping turtles prefer quiet, muddy water. They spend most of their time submerged, surfacing periodically to breathe. They feed on fish


224. sea star SEA STAR [sea star] also called starfish, echinoderm of the class Asteroidae, common in tide pools. Sea stars vary in size from under 1/2 in. (1.3 cm) to over 3 ft (90 cm) in diameter. They are commonly dull shades of yellow or orange, but there are many brightly colored ones as well. There are


225. cofferdam COFFERDAM [cofferdam] temporary barrier for excluding water from an area that is normally submerged. Made commonly of wood, steel, or concrete sheet piling (see pile ), cofferdams are used in constructing the foundations of dams, bridges, and similar subaqueous structures and for temporary


226. Reclamation, United States Bureau of RECLAMATION, UNITED STATES BUREAU OF [Reclamation, United States Bureau of] agency set up in the Dept. of the Interior under the Reclamation Act of 1902. It is charged with promoting regional economies by developing water and related land resources in the West. The original purpose of developing


227. cloud CLOUD [cloud] aggregation of minute particles of water or ice suspended in the air. Formation of Clouds Clouds are formed when air containing water vapor is cooled below a critical temperature called the dew point and the resulting moisture condenses into droplets on microscopic dust particles


228. caisson CAISSON [caisson] [Frbig box], in engineering, a chamber, usually of steel but sometimes of wood or reinforced concrete, used in the construction of foundations or piers in or near a body of water. There are several types. The open caisson is a cylinder or box, open at the top and bottom, of size


229. oasis OASIS [oasis] , an area within a desert where the water table reaches the surface, with enough moisture to permit the growth of vegetation. The water may come up to the surface in springs, or it may collect in mountain hollows. In deserts such as the Sahara, artificial oases have been successfully


230. wild rice WILD RICE [wild rice] tall aquatic plant ( Zizania aquatica ) of the family Gramineae ( grass family), of a genus separate from common rice ( Oryza ). Wild rice (called also Canada rice, Indian rice, and water oats) is a hardy annual with broad blades, reedy stems, and large terminal panicles. It


231. dry cleaning DRY CLEANING [dry cleaning] process of cleaning fabrics without water. Special solvents and soaps are used so as not to harm fabrics and dyes that will not withstand the effects of ordinary soap and water. Dry cleaning began in France about the middle of the 19th cent., at first in small plants,


232. whiskey WHISKEY [whiskey] [from the Gaelic for water of life ], spirituous liquor distilled from a fermented mash of grains, usually rye, barley, oats, wheat, or corn. Inferior whiskeys are made from potatoes, beets, and other roots. The standard whiskeys of the world are Scotch (commonly spelled whisky ),


233. adaptation ADAPTATION [adaptation] in biology, has several meanings. It can mean the adjustment of living matter to environmental conditions and to other living things either in an organism's lifetime (physiological adaptation) or in a population over many many generations (evolutionary adaptation). The word


234. formula FORMULA [formula] in chemistry, an expression showing the chemical composition of a compound . Formulas of compounds are used in writing the equations (see chemical equations ) that represent chemical reactions . Compounds are combinations in fixed proportions of the chemical elements . The


235. Parker Dam PARKER DAM [Parker Dam] at the Ariz.-Calif. line, on the Colorado River; completed 1938. It is 320 ft (98 m) high and 856 ft (261 m) long. The dam impounds water for Los Angeles and other coastal cities, has a power plant, and supplies some water for irrigation. It also diverts water to Arizona.


236. grog GROG [grog] originally a mixture of rum and water. It is named after Admiral Grogram Vernon, who first ordered the dilution of the British Royal Navy's daily rum ration. The term is now applied to almost any unsweetened mixture of spirits and water, hot or cold, and it is sometimes used for any


237. oyster OYSTER [oyster] edible bivalve mollusk found in beds in shallow, warm waters of all oceans. The shell is made up of two valves, the upper one flat and the lower convex, with variable outlines and a rough outer surface. Since the oyster spends most of its life (except for the free-swimming larval


238. asperges ASPERGES [asperges] , ceremonial sprinkling of the people with holy water by the priest before the Sunday High Mass in the Roman Catholic Church. The accompanying antiphon begins, Asperges me, Domine, hyssopo et mundabor [Thou shalt sprinkle me with hyssop, O Lord, and I shall be cleansed]. At


239. windsurfing WINDSURFING [windsurfing] also called boardsailing or sailboarding, water sport that employs a board-and-sail device and combines elements of sailing and surfing. The sport was developed in the United States during the 1960s by the Californians Jim Drake, a sailor, and Hoyle Schweitzer, a surfer,


240. hydroponics HYDROPONICS [hydroponics] growing of plants without soil in water to which nutrients have been added. Hydroponics has been used for over a century as a research technique, but not until 1929 were experiments conducted solely to determine its feasibility for growing commercial crops. There are now


241. iceberg ICEBERG [iceberg] mass of ice that has become detached, or calved, from the edge of an ice sheet or glacier and is floating on the ocean. Because ice is slightly less dense than water about one ninth of the total mass of a berg projects above the water. Greenland and other N Atlantic icebergs are


242. drift DRIFT [drift] deposit of mixed clay, gravel, sand, and boulders transported and laid down by glaciers. Stratified, or glaciofluvial, drift is carried by waters flowing from the melting ice of a glacier. The flowing water sorts the particles, generally depositing layers of coarser particles nearer


243. Camenae CAMENAE [Camenae] , in Roman religion and mythology, water nymphs gifted in prophecy. At Rome they had a sacred spring from which the vestals drew water for their rites. In later myth they were identified with the Greek Muses.


244. aqua regia AQUA REGIA [aqua regia] [Latroyal water], corrosive, fuming yellow liquid prepared by mixing one volume of concentrated nitric acid with three to four volumes of concentrated hydrochloric acid. It was so named by the alchemists because it dissolves gold and platinum, the royal metals, which do not


245. biosphere BIOSPHERE [biosphere] irregularly shaped envelope of the earth's air, water, and land encompassing the heights and depths at which living things exist. The biosphere is a closed and self-regulating system (see ecology ), sustained by grand-scale cycles of energy and of materials—in particular,


246. energy, sources of ENERGY, SOURCES OF [energy, sources of] origins of the power used for transportation, for heat and light in dwelling and working areas, and for the manufacture of goods of all kinds, among other applications. The development of science and civilization is closely linked to the availability of


247. Huangpu HUANGPU [Huangpu] Whangpoo, or Hwangpoo , river, 60 mi (97 km) long, rising in the lake district of Shanghai Municipality, E China, and flowing NE past Shanghai into the Chang estuary at Wusong. It is a major navigational route. Its dredged channel, lined with wharves, warehouses, and industrial


248. Erie Canal ERIE CANAL [Erie Canal] artificial waterway, c.360 mi (580 km) long; connecting New York City with the Great Lakes via the Hudson River. Locks were built to overcome the 571-ft (174-m) difference between the level of the river and that of Lake Erie. With its three branch canals it forms the New


249. boric acid BORIC ACID [boric acid] any one of the three chemical compounds, orthoboric (or boracic) acid, metaboric acid, and tetraboric (or pyroboric) acid; the term often refers simply to orthoboric acid. The acids may be thought of as hydrates of boric oxide, B 2 O 3 . Orthoboric acid, H 3 BO 3 or B 2 O 3


250. divining rod DIVINING ROD [divining rod] or dowser, stick used in searching for underground water or minerals. This form of divination is still in common use in many parts of the world. The instrument is typically a forked twig. The operator holds the forked ends of the twig close to his body, with the stem

251. whale WHALE [whale] aquatic mammal of the order Cetacea, found in all oceans of the world. Members of this order vary greatly in size and include the largest animals that have ever lived. Cetaceans never leave the water, even to give birth. Although their ancestry has been much debated, DNA studies and


252. latex LATEX [latex] emulsion of a polymer (e.g., rubber ) in water (see colloid ). Natural latexes are produced by a number of plants, are usually white in color, and often contain, in addition to rubber, various gums, oils, and waxes. Balata, caoutchouc, chicle, and gutta-percha are produced from


253. darter DARTER [darter] or anhinga , common name for a very slender, black water bird very closely related to the cormorant. It frequents the wooded borders of freshwater lakes, rivers, and swamps in tropical and warm temperate regions—in America, from the SE United States to Cuba and Argentina; in Africa,


254. chemosynthesis CHEMOSYNTHESIS [chemosynthesis] process in which carbohydrates are manufactured from carbon dioxide and water using chemical nutrients as the energy source, rather than the sunlight used for energy in photosynthesis . Most life on earth is fueled directly or indirectly by sunlight. There are,


255. albumin ALBUMIN [albumin] [Latwhite of egg], member of a class of water-soluble, heat-coagulating proteins . Albumins are widely distributed in plant and animal tissues, e.g., ovalbumin of egg, myogen of muscle, serum albumin of blood, lactalbumin of milk, legumelin of peas, and leucosin of wheat.


256. motorboating MOTORBOATING [motorboating] sport of navigating a motor-powered vessel on the water. It is done on either fresh- or saltwater and may be competitive or recreational. The first successful motorboat traveled (1887) a few yards on the Seine River in Paris. As the internal-combustion engine was


257. Delaware DELAWARE [Delaware] dĕl´ewâr, -wer , river, c.280 mi (450 km) long, rising in the Catskill Mts., SE N.Y., in east and west branches, which meet at Hancock. It flows SE along the New York-Pennsylvania border to Port Jervis, N.Y., then between Pennsylvania and New Jersey generally S to Delaware Bay,


258. coral CORAL [coral] small, sedentary marine animal, related to the sea anemone but characterized by a skeleton of horny or calcareous material. The skeleton itself is also called coral. Although most corals form colonies by budding, there are some solitary corals; in both types the individual animals,


259. hygrometer HYGROMETER [hygrometer] , instrument used to measure the moisture content of a gas, as in determining the relative humidity of air. The temperature at which dew or frost forms is a measure of the absolute humidity—the weight of water vapor per unit volume of air or other gas at the temperature


260. skiing SKIING [skiing] sport of sliding over snow on skis—long, narrow, flexible runners. Water skiing is a warm-weather sport in which a motor-propelled craft tows a skier through the water. Equipment Once made of highly polished wood, most skis are now made of plastics, polyurethane foam, and other

[Harli]

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[Harli]

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[Harli]

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[Darkduskk]

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[Harli]

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[Harli]

On February 6, 1854, the State of Texas allocated two parcels of land for two Indian reservations in Young and Throckmorton Counties., to be overseen by the United States Indian agent for Texas. The 40,000-acre Brazos Reserve, just below present-day Graham, was home to Caddo, Waco, Anadarko, and Tonkawa tribes. On the Clear Fork of the Brazos in Throckmorton County, Penateka Comanches lived on the 18,576-acre Comanche Reserve. The federal Indian agent in charge of both reservations was Major Robert Simpson Neighbors.

Our Past History Features are available here







These reserves represented the peak of Native American assimilation efforts in Texas. Neighbors felt that if his charges learned how to farm, acquired more education, and adopted Anglo life ways, they would successfully blend into the white man’s world.(1)

MAJOR ROBERT SIMPSON NEIGHBORS
Not all federal employees shared Robert Neighbor’s progressive enthusiasm for Indian reservations. On September 5, 1857, a government wagon train en route to improve the El Paso-Ft. Yuma Road stopped at the crossing on the Clear Fork. Writing in the expedition’s journal, a member of the party expressed distaste for the government’s policy regarding Native Americans in North Texas. He noted that, “Near the point at which we crossed the Clear Fork of the Brazos stand the buildings of one of the Comanche Indian Agencies . . . But little reliance is to be placed in the good faith of these savages. Certainly a more villainous and treacherous looking set than most of them have not often been seen.”(2)


The U.S. Army established CAMP COOPER in 1856 to keep watch over and protect the adjacent Comanche Indian Reservation.
LT. COL. ROBERT E. LEE commanded Camp Cooper from April 1856 until July 1857. Rattlesnakes were common along the Clear Fork and Lt. Col. Lee had one for a pet at the camp.

Native American attempts to integrate into antebellum Anglo frontier society ended in failure. The North Texas Indian reservations never had the time necessary to succeed. The Indians complained that the size of the reservations was too small to support their numbers and that federal supplies and protection from Anglo rustlers, vigilantes, and raiding marauders were grossly inadequate. A number of Anglo settlers in the region, unaccustomed to having Native Americans living nearby, cared little about these assimilation efforts and refused to extend a helping hand to the Indians.
These whites lumped the peaceful reservation tribes in with marauding, non-reserve Comanches, who raided south into Texas from Indian Territory north of the Red River. Indifferent in their depredations, these raiding Comanches struck both the reservations and Anglo settlements. When non-reserve Comanches stole livestock and killed settlers, the reservation Indians received the blame. In fact, a number of reserve Indians refused to stay on the reservation and did commit crimes against whites in the region.

From an Anglo pioneer’s perspective with little understanding of Indian society, the confusing frontier maelstrom of both peaceful and raiding Native Americans, inter-tribal conflict, combined with the loss of livestock and loved ones made it hard for them to accept the reservations. Despite these Anglo perceptions, the bulk of the primary evidence shows that the majority of Brazos and Comanche reserve Indians made a concerted effort to adapt to mainstream American society. In fact, the reservation Indians repeatedly volunteered as scouts and actively participated in the Army’s retaliatory expeditions against the raiding Comanches.



Site of COMANCHE INDIAN RESERVE


A group of several hundred whites from neighboring counties, insensitive to these various tribal distinctions, regarded all Indians as being the same. These Anglos, entrenched in their attitudes towards Native Americans, found it easier to hate all Indians rather than attempt to change their perceptions and accept some of them as neighbors. The lawless, violent, and unsettled condition of the Texas frontier was also not the best-suited laboratory in which to conduct these reservation experiments, to try and change long-held cultural and racial attitudes. Raids by non-reserve Comanches and Kiowas, combined with depredations by outlaw Anglo vigilantes, kept the region in a state of constant flux, and all of its residents wary and on edge. In addition, the federal

government and the state of Texas, with their indifferent and half-hearted support, never committed the time, manpower, and resources necessary for these reservations to take root and flourish. Another mitigating factor in relations between whites and Indians was that many of the Anglos coveted the prime riverfront and timbered acreage contained within these two reserves. Determined to make the reservations fail, a group of white vigilantes in surrounding counties committed numerous depredations against innocent Native Americans. Anglo murderers who waylaid peaceful reservation Indians went unpunished by federal and Texas authorities. One such killer was former Young County sheriff and Butterfield Overland Mail employee Patrick Murphy, who admitted shooting at least two reservation Indians, and may have killed more.(3)

While the federal government had charge of the reservations, the State of Texas retained legal jurisdiction over neighboring Anglo residents and steadfastly refused to prosecute wrongdoers. Texas lawmakers, never fond of Indians, resented the two reservations from their inception and desired to see them fail. A number of racist and violence-prone Anglos in the region, led by the incendiary former Indian agent John Robert Baylor, favored either Indian extermination or removal and opposed all assimilation efforts.
While serving as Indian agent at the Comanche Reserve on the Clear Fork beginning in September 1855, Baylor became convinced that some of the reservation Indians were committing depredations in neighboring counties and then returning to the safety of the reservation. Baylor found himself out of work by May 1857. Fired for misuse of federal funds, and

JOHN ROBERT BAYLOR
having lost the confidence of the reserve Indians, he blamed the federal superintendent of the reservations, Robert S. Neighbors, for his termination. For the next two years, from 1858-1859, Baylor and his group created serious problems for Neighbors. Baylor constantly incited local settlers, including Butterfield Overland Mail employees Edward Cornett and the Murphys, to turn against Neighbors and the reservation Indians. Baylor, along with H.A. Hamner and Isaac Worrall, kept the flames of fear fanned and Anglo anxiety at fever pitch along the frontier through reports and editorials in their aptly titled publication, the White Man. Advocating a policy of Indian extermination, this vitriolic newspaper railed in its commentary against Neighbors and Governor Sam Houston, and their more enlightened Indian policies.

There is strong factual evidence that a gang of whites deliberately committed depredations along the frontier during 1858-1859 in hopes of assigning blame on the reservation Indians. These lawless acts included livestock theft, arson, murder, and kidnapping. Jack County historian Ida Lasater Huckabay says that “citizens knew that white men preyed on their stock and that too often blame was laid to the Indians on the reservation . . . . Many people who lived near the reservation were sympathetic to the Indians.” Replying to a frontier petition asking for help with Indian depredations, Houston in August 1860 wrote, “The people of the frontier should keep a strict watch upon all suspicious characters as the Executive cannot protect them from white Indians.”(4)

At daybreak on December 26, 1858, twenty Anglos led by Peter Garland, a secondary leader in Baylor’s group, attacked a sleeping, innocent band of Brazos Reserve Indians and their leader Choctaw Tom on Ioni Creek, killing seven, including three women, and wounding six. Noted Texas rancher Charles Goodnight, an occasional member of the Baylor gang, judged the massacre as a ‘“dirty piece of business. They just wanted to be killing some Indians.”’ Despite a number of murder indictments issued by judicial authorities, Texas Ranger Captain John “Rip” Ford refused to round up Garland and his gang, fearing that any arrests would ignite a civil war. President Andrew Jackson and the federal army used exactly the same excuse during the 1830s when they declined to protect members of the Five Civilized Tribes from violent and lawless Anglo attacks in Georgia. Throughout the nineteenth century, the application of justice was uneven for all residents of the United States. In both Georgia and Texas, keeping the peace among whites superseded federal and local enforcement of laws regulating murder, property theft, and other depredations against American Indians.(5)

Garland’s attack and the subsequent reluctance of federal and state officials to prosecute him sent a clear message to Texas Indians trying to assimilate that the reservations were a waste of time and that their welfare ultimately was of no concern to whites. It was after the Choctaw Tom massacre that Indian-Anglo relations and the fortunes of the Brazos and Comanche reserves took a marked turn for the worse. By late February 1859, the Secretary of the Interior was considering moving the two reserves north to Indian Territory. Within a few months, escalating depredations and agitation by both whites and Native Americans sealed the fate of the North Texas reserves.(6)

On May 23, 1859, Baylor and 250 men (including Charles Goodnight) attacked the Brazos Reservation, south of present-day Graham, killing five, including two elderly Indians. Residents of Belknap told Neighbors that Baylor’s attacking party included some unsavory types, specifically, “fifty horse thieves and well-known desperados.” The Indian superintendent said these outlaws were “stealing horses from the reserves, and from the citizens around it, waylaying roads, stopping travelers, robbing wagons, and stopping the mails.” Here on the western frontier, lawless elements

operated with near-impunity. The federal army, responsible for protecting the reservations Indians, was interminably slow and inadequate in its response. Texas Governor Hardin Richard Runnels refused to help, claiming the matter was the jurisdiction of the U.S. Eighth Military District. Texas Ranger Captain John “Rip” Ford protested in a letter to President James Buchanan’s Indian commissioner that “I have never been able to detect the Reserve Indians in the commission of a single depredation . . . and I do think the measures instituted by the people [Baylor and his group] have been impolitic and precipitate.” Neighbors, unable to adequately protect his charges and wanting to avoid their mass slaughter at the hands of whites, hurriedly relocated all of the reservation Indians. In August 1859, protected by an army escort under Major George Thomas, Neighbors personally led his charges to safety across the Red River into Indian Territory. Reflecting upon the numerous violent and lawless events over the previous nine months, he said, ‘“I have this day crossed all the Indians out of the heathen land of ‘Texas’ and am now ‘out of the land of the philistines.”’(7)

Greatly relieved to see the Indians safe and unaware that his life was in danger, Neighbors returned to the Lone Star State to rejoin his family in San Antonio. Deep in the Cross Timbers, members of the white vigilante group, including Baylor, former sheriff Patrick Murphy, and Murphy’s brother-in-law Edward Cornett, nursed a serious grudge against Neighbors and plotted to kill him. A Waco newspaper reporter noted in May 1859 that Baylor publicly threatened to hang Neighbors. Butterfield employee Murphy also had

Expanded COUNTY MAP showing locaton of reservations in Young and Throckmorton Counties.
concerns that Neighbors might prosecute him for the murders of several reservation Indians, including the slaying of the Crow Indian Fox in May 1859. An army report from September 1859 noted that locals heard Neighbors freely discussing the Fox case in and around Belknap. At eleven in the morning on September 14, 1859, at the county seat of Belknap (half-mile east of the fort), Patrick Murphy, with pistol in hand, confronted Neighbors in the street. Also with Neighbors was a speculator named A.J. MacKay. Murphy said, “Neighbors I understand that you have said I am a horsethief. Is it so?” Before Neighbors could respond, Cornett came up from behind and fired a shotgun blast into the Indian agent’s back. Newspaper accounts of the murder also place a man named Williams in the company of Murphy and Cornett.(8)
In a letter to his father David G. Burnet, Lt. William Burnet wrote, “The ‘Baylor Party’ have murdered Major Neighbors . . . the assassination . . . was a most foul and cowardly murder.” A Young County Grand Jury in November 1859 indicted Baylor as an accomplice in Neighbor’s killing. A grand jury in May of the following year indicted Edward Cornett for pulling the trigger. Ironically, county commissioners previously selected Cornett to serve on the Young County grand jury for its 1858 term. In an October 1859 newspaper account of the Belknap shooting, correspondent J.M. Smith commented that, “Murphy is thought to be clever. Cornet [sic] shot a man two years ago, and is a drinking, blustering, and boasting desperado-both Englishmen-keeps stand on Overland mail route between Belknap and Jacksboro. I myself know the men and fear the report is too true.”(9)


NEIGHBORS' GRAVE NEIGHBORS MARKER AT FT. BELKNAP
Neighbors’s murder removed the last vestige of stability on the antebellum Texas frontier. The brutal conduct by John R. Baylor and members of his vigilante group concerning the two reserves sparked aggressive Native American reprisals, sending the cycle of violence spinning out of control, and leading to a complete breakdown of Indian-white relations. Baylor’s son, Walker, regretted the murder of his father’s nemesis, opining that, “ the killing of Major Neighbors was about the greatest misfortune that could have befallen our northern frontier. I think he could have, by his influence over the Indians, prevented largely the horrible murders of men, women and children . . . for many years after his untimely death.”(10)

From Young to Throckmorton Counties, the story of the 1854-1859 Indian reservations reveals a violent, racist, and unsettled Texas frontier. John R. Baylor, H.A. Hamner, Peter Garland, and Patrick Murphy ultimately won the contest for this section, but in some respects, it was an empty victory. The legacy of the failed Indian reserves continued to haunt the region. The cycle of frontier violence and retaliation soon spiraled out of control. The actions of the Baylor gang and some Texas settlers sparked Indians north of the Red River to increase their raids upon the Lone Star State.

John R. Baylor represented a significant element of Anglo frontier sentiment. To these white settlers, the Indians had no place in Texas. The frontiersmen wanted the tribes removed or exterminated. Baylor eventually ran into serious problems. In November 1862, Confederate Secretary of War G.W. Randolph relieved him of his command in Arizona for issuing an order to exterminate Apache Indians. Writing in his defense, Baylor spoke of his “unsparing hatred of a relentless, merciless, and treacherous foe, and a natural desire to see them utterly driven from the face of the earth.” Baylor, “a firm believer in the civilizing effects of slavery as regards to the African race,” felt the Indians too wild to successfully enslave. Like many other Texans, the former reservation agent proved incapable of making distinctions between peaceful and warlike tribes. Such distinctions made frontier relations too complicated. For their part, many of the Comanches, Kiowas, and Apaches had no desire to walk the white man’s path. These tribes matched the frontiersmen, blow for blow, in the brutal and bloody struggle for control of the region.(11)

The federal and state governments put in a notably abysmal performance in their handling of Texas’s reservations. While some Indian reserves in other western states have a shared, tragic legacy, Texas’s case is notable for its complete and utter failure. Today, almost none of the Lone Star State’s original tribes live within its borders. The Karankawas are extinct, and the Cherokees, Caddos, Comanches, Kiowas, and Apaches all live outside the state. In the last century the remaining tribes, the Tiguas and Alabama-Coushattas, persevered in numerous legal disputes with Texas over their tribal lands and reservation status. Texas has a failed legacy of relations with native peoples that it has yet to come to terms with.(12)



Footnotes:



Carrie J. Crouch. “Brazos Indian Reservation,” (TSHA), www.tsha.utexas.edu/ handbook/online/ articles/view/BB/bpb3.html (accessed July 29, 2004); W.E.S. Dickerson. “Comanche Indian Reservation,” (TSHA), www.tsha.utexas.edu/ handbook/online/articles/view/ CC/bpc10.html (accessed July 29, 2004).
J.W. Williams, Old Texas Trails, ed. Kenneth F. Neighbours (Austin: Eakin Press, 1979), 327 (quotation).
Dorman H. Winfrey and James M. Day, ed., The Indian Papers of Texas and the Southwest, 1825-1916, Volume V (Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 1995), 374; Kenneth Franklin Neighbours, Robert Simpson Neighbors and the Texas Frontier, 1836-1859 (Waco: Texian Press, 1975), 238, 271, 288.
Ida Lasater Huckabay, Ninety-Four Years in Jack County: 1854-1948 (Waco: Texian Press, 1979), 51 (quotation 1); Amelia W. Williams & Eugene C. Barker, The Writings of Sam Houston: Volume VIII, April, 1825---July, 1863 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1943), 116 (quotation 2).
Kenneth Franklin Neighbours, Robert Simpson Neighbors and the Texas Frontier, 1836-1859 (Waco: Texian Press, 1975), 224-228, 234-235; J. Evetts Haley, Charles Goodnight: Cowman and Plainsman (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1989), 26 (quotation); Barbara A. Neal Ledbetter, Fort Belknap: Frontier Saga (Newcastle: Lavender Books, 1982), 78.
Dorman H. Winfrey and James M. Day, ed., The Indian Papers of Texas and the Southwest, 1825-1916, Volume V (Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 1995), 337-338.
Kenneth Franklin Neighbours, Robert Simpson Neighbors and the Texas Frontier, 1836-1859 (Waco: Texian Press, 1975), 235-246 (quotation one on 246, quotation two on 235), 271-272; Kenneth Franklin Neighbours, “Indian Exodus Out of Texas,” West Texas Historical Association Yearbook, Vol. 36 (October 1960): 80 (quotation three).
Article from Seguin, Texas Union Democrat, Oct. 8, 1859, Box 39, KFN; Kenneth Franklin Neighbours, Robert Simpson Neighbors and the Texas Frontier, 1836-1859 (Waco: Texian Press, 1975), 283-291(quotation on 283); Barbara A. Neal Ledbetter, Fort Belknap Frontier Saga (Newcastle: Lavender Books, 1990), 83, 91-92.
William Burnet to David Burnett letter, Oct. 29, 1959, KFN (quotation one); J.M. Smith report in Seguin, Texas Union Democrat, Oct. 8, 1859, KFN (quotation two).
Rupert Norval Richardson, The Frontier of Northwest Texas, 1846-1876 (Glendale: Arthur H. Clark Company, 1963), 205; J. Marvin, Hunter, ed. The Bloody Trail in Texas: Sketches and Narratives of Indian Raids and Atrocities on Our Frontier (Bandera, Texas: Self-published, 1931), 57 (quotation).
G.W. Randolph to J.B. Magruder, November 7, 1862 & John R. Baylor to J.B. Magruder, Dec. 29, 1862, OR, Series 1, Vol. 15, 914-918 (quotation one on 915, quotation two on 917).
The Tigua Indians moved to El Paso in 1680 after the Pueblo Revolt in New Mexico. The Alabama-Coushatta tribe came to East Texas beginning in the 1780s.

Images courtesy of Library of Congress, Institute of Texan Cultures, National Archives, and Texas State Library & Archives.

[Harli]

The history of Texas or Texas history began around 10,000 BC when the first humans arrived in what is now Texas. Its history has been shaped by being part of six independent countries: Spain, France, Mexico, the Republic of Texas, the Confederacy, and the United States. Before the arrival of Europeans, the state was a meeting point of many Native American cultural groups, notably the Plains and Southeastern cultural groups. In recent history the state has been shaped by the interactions of Mexican, Southern, Southwestern, Tejano, and German culture.

Texas Portal
Contents [hide]
1 Native Americans in Texas
2 Spanish Texas
3 Mexican Texas
4 Republic of Texas
5 Statehood
6 Further reading
6.1 Surveys
6.2 Pre 1865
6.3 Since 1865
6.4 Primary source collections
7 Important dates
8 External link



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Native Americans in Texas
Native American tribes that once lived inside the boundaries of present-day Texas include the Apache, Atakapan, Bidai, Caddo, Comanche, Cherokee, Karankawa, Kiowa, Tonkawa, and Wichita. Currently, there are three federally-recognized Native American tribes which reside in Texas: the Alabama-Coushatta Tribes of Texas, the Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas, and the Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo of Texas.

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Spanish Texas
Spanish Texas is the name given by Texas History scholars for the period between 1690—1821 when Texas was governed as a province of the Spanish colony of New Spain. This period begins with the expedition of the governor of Coahuila to destroy the ruins of the French colony of Fort Saint Louis and establish a Spanish presence in the area, and ends with the independence of Mexico in 1821, facilitating Mexican Texas.

In the 17th and 18th centuries Spain and France maneuvered for control of Texas, with the Spanish based in Mexico and New Mexico and the French in Louisiana. Spain moved quickly to establish a string of missions (often with an accompanying presidio) to establish a toehold in the frontier land. During the War of the Quadruple Alliance in Europe, hostilities spread to the New World and French troops from Natchitoches briefly captured the capital of Texas, Los Adaes, in what is now Northwest Louisiana. The French were not able to wrest control of Texas from Spain, and by the early 19th century sold their North American holdings to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase, which then placed the United States as a threat to the Spanish control of Texas.

In the years following the Louisiana Purchase and the acquisition of New Orleans by the U.S., American settlers had begun to move westward into Mexican claimed territory. Some settlers were active filibusters, who sought the longterm annexation of the area by the U.S. In 1812-13, the Gutiérrez-Magee Expedition attempted to separate Texas from the Spanish Empire.

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Mexican Texas

Stephen F. Austin, the "Father of Texas".Mexican Texas is the name given by Texas historians to the brief period between 1821—1835, when Texas was part of Mexico, as a part of the state of Coahuila y Tejas. The period begins with, Mexico's victory over Spain in its war of independence in 1821 and ends with Texas' declaration of independence from Mexico in 1836, forming the Republic of Texas.

The Rio Grande and South Texas areas have had a long and turbulent history of independence movements by the local Mexican population, on account of unitary and perceived dictatorial and unconstitutional practices by the central Mexican government. Northern and East Texas, meanwhile, remained largely in the hands of Native American tribes, some of whom were hostile to Spanish and then Mexican rule. The Mexican government had an uneasy relationship with these early settlers. In the 1830s, seeking additional settlers as a means of stabilizing the area, Mexico reached an agreement with Stephen F. Austin that allowed several hundred families from the United States, known as Texians, to move into the region. This move would backfire, however, as word of mouth about rich lands in Texas would spread across the United States. Thousands of additional settlers flooded into Texas. In 1835, Mexican President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna abolished the Constitution of 1824 and sought to centralize national power in Mexico City. This caused much politcal unrest throughout Mexico, an example of which was the rebellion and resulting massacre in Zacatecas. As a result, the new government's efforts to tighten political and economic control over the territory of Texas would only rouse emotions in the Texian settlers and local Tejanos, leading to the Texas Revolution.

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Republic of Texas

Republic of Texas. The present-day outlines of the U.S. states are superimposed on the boundaries of 1836–1845The first declaration of independence for modern Texas, by both Anglo-Texan settlers and local Tejanos, was signed in Goliad on December 20, 1835. The Texas Declaration of Independence was enacted at Washington-on-the-Brazos on March 2, 1836, effectively creating the Republic of Texas.

Four days later, the two-week long Battle of the Alamo ended as Mexican General Antonio López de Santa Anna's forces defeated the nearly 200 Texans defending the small mission (which would eventually become the center of the city of San Antonio). Remember the Alamo! became the battle cry of the Texas Revolution. The Battle of San Jacinto was fought on April 21, 1836, near the present-day city of Houston. General Santa Anna's entire force of 1,600 men was killed or captured by Texas General Sam Houston's army of 800 Texans; only nine Texans died. This decisive battle resulted in Texas' independence from Mexico.

Sam Houston, a native of Virginia, was President of the Republic of Texas for two separate terms, 1836–1838 and 1841–1844. He also was Governor of the state of Texas from 1859 to 1861.

The first Congress of the Republic of Texas convened in October 1836 at Columbia (now West Columbia). Stephen F. Austin, known as the Father of Texas, died December 27, 1836, after serving two months as Secretary of State for the new Republic.

In 1836, five sites served as temporary capitals of Texas (Washington-on-the-Brazos, Harrisburg, Galveston, Velasco and Columbia) before Sam Houston moved the capital to Houston in 1837. In 1839, the capital was moved to the new town of Austin.

Internal politics of the Republic were based on the conflict between two factions. The nationalist faction, led by Mirabeau B. Lamar advocated the continued independence of Texas, the expulsion of the Native Americans, and the expansion of Texas to the Pacific Ocean. Their opponents, led by Sam Houston, advocated the annexation of Texas to the United States and peaceful coexistence with Native Americans.

The first flag of the republic was the "Burnet Flag" (a gold star on an azure field), followed shortly thereafter by official adoption of the Lone Star Flag.

The Republic received diplomatic recognition from the United States, France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the Republic of Yucatán.

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Statehood

The U.S. and Texas flags at the Texas State Capitol.On February 28, 1845, the U.S. Congress passed a bill that would authorize the United States to annex the Republic of Texas and on March 1 U.S. President James K. Polk signed the bill. The legislation set the date for annexation for December 29 of the same year. On October 13 of the same year, a majority of voters in the Republic approved a proposed constitution that was later accepted by the US Congress, making Texas a U.S. state on the same day annexation took effect (therefore bypassing a territorial phase). One of the primary motivations for annexation was that the Texas government had incurred huge debts which the United States agreed to assume upon annexation. In 1850, in return for this assumption of debt, a large portion of Texas-claimed territory, now parts of Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Wyoming, was ceded to the Federal government.

The annexation resolution has been the topic of some incorrect historical beliefs—chiefly, that the resolution was a treaty between sovereign states, and granted Texas the explicit right to secede from the Union. This was a right argued by some to be implicitly held by all states at the time, and until the conclusion of the Civil War. However, no such right was explicitly enumerated in the resolution. That having been said, the resolution did include two unique provisions: first, it gave the new state of Texas the right to divide itself into as many as five states with approval of its legislature. This would serve to increase Texas' representation in the United States Senate. Second, Texas did not have to surrender its public lands to the federal government. While Texas did cede all territory outside of its current area to the federal government in 1850, it did not cede any public lands within its current boundaries. This means that generally, the only lands owned by the federal government within Texas have actually been purchased by the government.

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Further reading
[edit]
Surveys
Gone to Texas : a History of the Lone Star State, Randolph B. Campbell, Oxford University Press, 2003, hardback, 500 pages.
De Leon, Arnoldo. Mexican Americans in Texas: A Brief History 2nd ed. Harlan Davidson, 1999.
Imperial Texas: An Interpretive Essay in Cultural Geography, D. W. Meinig, University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas, 1969, hardback, 145 pages.
Great River, The Rio Grande in North American History, Paul Horgan, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, reprint, 1977, ISBN 0-03-029305-7
Montejano, David. Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 1836–1986 University of Texas Press, 1987.
Utley, Robert M. Lone Star Justice: The First Century of the Texas Rangers Oxford University Press, 2002.
Wooster, Ralph A. and Robert A. Calvert, eds. Texas Vistas (1987)
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Pre 1865
Baum, Dale. The Shattering of Texas Unionism: Politics in the Lone Star State during the Civil War Era Louisiana State University Press, 1998.
Buenger, Walter L. Secession and the Union in Texas. University of Texas Press, 1984.
Campbell, Randolph B. An Empire for Slavery: The Peculiar Institution in Texas, 1821–1865 Louisiana State University Press, 1989.
Campbell, Randolph B. Sam Houston and the American Southwest HarperCollins, 1993.
Campbell, Randolph B., and Richard G. Lowe. Wealth and Power in Antebellum Texas Texas A&M University Press, 1977.
Cantrell, Gregg. Stephen F. Austin: Empresario of Texas. Yale University Press, 1999.
Carroll, Mark M. Homesteads Ungovernable: Families, Sex, Race, and the Law in Frontier Texas, 1823–1860 University of Texas Press, 2001.
Chipman, Donald E. Spanish Texas, 1519–1821 University of Texas Press, 1992.
Chipman, Donald E., and Harriett Denise Joseph. Notable Men and Women of Spanish Texas. University of Texas Press, 1999.
Campbell, Randolph B. An Empire for Slavery: The Peculiar Institution in Texas, 1821–1865 Louisiana State University Press, 1989.
De Leon, Arnoldo. The Tejano Community, 1836–1900 University of New Mexico Press, 1982.
Friend, Llerena B. Sam Houston: The Great Designer University of Texas Press, 1954.
Hardin, Stephen L. Texian Iliad: A Military History of the Texas Revolution, 1835–1836 University of Texas Press, 1994.
Jordan, Terry G. German Seed in Texas Soil: Immigrant Farmers in Nineteenth Century Texas University of Texas Press, 1966.
Kerby, Robert L. Kirby Smith's Confederacy: The Trans-Mississippi South, 1863–1865 Columbia University Press, 1972.
Lack, Paul D. The Texas Revolutionary Experience: A Political and Social History, 1835–1836 Texas A&M University Press, 1992.
Lowe, Richard G., and Randolph B. Campbell. Planters and Plain Folk: Agriculture in Antebellum Texas Southern Methodist University Press, 1987.
Lowrie, Samuel H. Culture Conflict in Texas, 1821–1835 Columbia University Press, 1932.
Poyo, Gerald E., ed. Tejano Journey, 1770–1850 University of Texas Press, 1996.
Siegel, Stanley. A Political History of the Texas Republic University of Texas Press, 1956.
Silverthorne, Elizabeth. Plantation Life in Texas Texas A&M University Press, 1986.
Weber, David J. The Spanish Frontier in North America. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992.
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Since 1865
Barr, Alwyn. Reconstruction to Reform: Texas Politics, 1876–1906 University of Texas Press, 1971.
Blackwelder, Julia Kirk. Women of the Depression: Caste and Culture in San Antonio, 1929–1939. Texas A&M University, 1984.
Brown, Norman D. Hood, Bonnet, and Little Brown Jug: Texas Politics, 1921–1928 Texas A&M University Press, 1984.
Buenger, Walter L. The Path to a Modern South: Northeast Texas between Reconstruction and the Great Depression University of Texas Press, 2001.
Campbell, Randolph B. Grass-Roots Reconstruction in Texas, 1865–1880 Louisiana State University Press, 1997.
Cotner, Robert C. James Stephen Hogg: A Biography . University of Texas Press, 1959.
Cox, Patrick. Ralph W. Yarborough, The People's Senator. University of Texas Press, 2001.
Crouch, Barry A. The Freedmen's Bureau and Black Texans. University of Texas Press, 1992.
Dallek, Robert. Lone Star Rising: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1908–1960. Oxford University Press, 1991.
Davidson, Chandler. Race and Class in Texas Politics. Princeton University Press, 1990.
Foley, Neil. The White Scourge: Mexicans, Blacks, and Poor Whites in Texas Cotton Culture University of California Press, 1997.
Gould, Lewis N. Progressives and Prohibitionists: Texas Democrats in the Wilson Era University of Texas Press, 1973.
Green, George Norris. The Establishment in Texas Politics: The Primitive Years, 1938–1957 Greenwood Press, 1979.
Jordan, Terry G. Trails to Texas: Southern Roots of Western Cattle Ranching University of Nebraska Press, 1981.
Lee, James Ward, et al., eds. 1941: Texas Goes to War. University of North Texas Press, 1991.
McArthur, Judith N. Creating the New Woman: The Rise of Southern Women's Progressive Culture in Texas, 1893–1918. University of Illinois Press, 1998.
Martin, Roscoe C. The People's Party in Texas: A Study in Third Party Politics University of Texas Press, 1933.
Olien, Diana Davids, and Roger M. Olien. Oil in Texas: The Gusher Age, 1895–1945 University of Texas Press, 2002.
Patenaude, Lionel V. Texans, Politics, and the New Deal Garland Publishing, 1983.
Perryman, M. Ray. Survive and Conquer, Texas in the '80s: Power—Money—Tragedy … Hope! Dallas: Taylor Publishing Company, 1990.
Pitre, Merline. Through Many Dangers, Toils, and Snares: The Black Leadership of Texas, 1868–1900 Eakin Press, 1985.
Ramsdell, Charles William. Reconstruction in Texas Columbia University Press, 1910.
Rice, Lawrence D. The Negro in Texas, 1874–1900 Louisiana State University Press, 1971
San Miguel, Guadalupe, Jr. “Let All of Them Take Heed”: Mexican Americans and the Campaign for Educational Equality in Texas, 1910–1981 University of Texas Press, 1987.
Spratt, John Stricklin. The Road to Spindletop: Economic Change in Texas, 1875–1901. Southern Methodist University Press, 1955.
Whisenhunt, Donald W. The Depression in Texas: The Hoover Years Garland Publishing, 1983.
[edit]
Primary source collections
Gallaway, B. P., ed. Texas, The Dark Corner of the Confederacy: Contemporary Accounts of the Lone Star State in the Civil War 3rd. Ed. University of Nebraska Press, 1994.
[edit]
Important dates
1519: Alonso Alvarez de Pineda, a Spanish explorer, became probably the first European to map the Texas coast.
1528–1534: Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, another Spanish explorer, spent six years visiting Texas for trade.
18 February 1685: René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de LaSalle established Fort St. Louis at Matagorda Bay, thus establishing a French claim to Texan territory.
1690: Alonso de León crosses the Rio Grande to establish San Francisco de los Tejas Mission in East Texas, effectively blazing the Old San Antonio Road portion of the Camino Real — one of the oldest continuously-used roadways in the United States.
1700–1799: Spain established Catholic missions in Texas throughout the 18th century.
3 January 1823: Stephen F. Austin began a colony of 300 families along the Brazos River in present-day Fort Bend County and Brazoria County, centered primarily in the area of what is now Sugar Land. This group became known as the Old Three Hundred.
June 26, 1832: The Battle of Velasco resulted in the first casualties of the developing Texas Revolution.
1832–1833: The "Conventions" of 1832 and 1833 responded to rising unrest at the policies of the ruling Mexican government. Policies that most irritated the Texians included the Mexican ban on slavery, the forcible disarmament of Texan settlers, and the expulsion of illegal immigrants from the United States of America. The example of the Centralista forces' suppression of dissidents in Zacatecas also inspired fear of the Mexican government.
1835: The Texas Revolution began. Early in 1835 Stephen F. Austin announced that only war with Mexico could secure Texan freedom.
2 October 1835: Texans fought a Mexican cavalry detachment at the town of Gonzales, which began the actual revolution.
28 October 1835: At the "Battle of Concepcion", 90 Texans defeated 450 Mexicans.
2 March 1836: The "Convention of 1836" signed the Texas Declaration of Independence, making an attempt at a clear break from Mexican rule.
6 March 1836: A Mexican army (numbering 4,000 to 5,000) besieged approximately 190 Texans, led by William B. Travis, at the Alamo in San Antonio. The thirteen-day siege resulted in the deaths of all of the defenders, including Davy Crockett, Jim Bowie and Travis.
27 March 1836: By the order of General Antonio López de Santa Anna, the Mexicans executed James Fannin and nearly 400 Texans in the Massacre at Goliad. The battleplace-names Goliad, Alamo, San Jacinto, etc. line the rim of the Rotunda of the Capitol in Austin.
21 April 1836: General Santa Anna, having defeated the Texas rebellion, while conducting mopping up operations advanced to San Jacinto in pursuit of the fleeing rebels. Led by Sam Houston, the Texans won their independence in one of the most decisive battles in history when they defeated the Mexican forces of Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto. Houston's army of 800 killed or captured the entire Mexican force of 1,600 men, themselves suffering only nine fatal casualties. Santa Anna himself passed into captivity.
14 May 1836: Republic of Texas officials and General Santa Anna signed the treaty of Velasco.
1836: Five cities (Washington-on-the-Brazos, Galveston, Harrisburg, Velasco, and Columbia) each served as temporary capitals of Texas before Sam Houston moved the capital to Houston in 1837.
1839: Austin is chosen to become the capital of the Republic of Texas.
5 March 1842: A Mexican force of over 500 men, led by Rafael Vasquez, invaded Texas for the first time since the revolution. They soon headed back to the Rio Grande after briefly occupying San Antonio.
11 September 1842: 1,400 Mexican troops, led by Adrian Woll, captured San Antonio again. They retreated, as before, but with prisoners this time.
29 December 1845: President James K. Polk of the United States of America followed through on a campaign platform promising to annex Texas, and signed legislation making Texas the 28th state of the United States.
9 September 1850: The Compromise of 1850 stripped Texas of a third of its claimed territory (now parts of Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Wyoming) in return for the federal government assuming $10 million of Texas's pre-annexation debt.
1 February 1861: The "Secession Convention" met and voted 171 to 6 to submit an ordinance of secession to the people.
23 February 1861: In the statewide election on the secession ordinance, Texans voted to secede from the Union by a vote of 46,129 to 14,697 (a 76% majority). The Secession Convention immediately organized a new state government, replacing Sam Houston when he refused to take an oath of allegiance to the Confederacy.
1 August 1862: Confederate troops kill 34 German Texans in the "Nueces Massacre"
19 June 1865: Union troops landed in Galveston, Texas with news of the Emancipation Proclamation, two-and-a-half years after Lincoln signed it.
30 March 1870: The United States Congress readmitted Texas into the Union.
8 September 1900: A category 4 hurricane makes landfall at Galveston killing an estimated 8000 people and destroying the city and its economy.
10 January 1901: The Lucas Gusher comes in at Spindletop starting the Texas oil boom.
[edit]
External link
Essay and lesson plans on the Texan Revolt, annexation, and the Mexican-American War
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Abigail Adams
(1744-1818) American Letter Writer, First Lady (1797-1801)

Arbitrary power is like most other things which are very hard, very liable to be broken.


Great necessities call out great virtues.


If we mean to have heroes, statesmen and philosophers, we should have learned women.


Learning is not attained by chance. It must be sought for with ardor and attended to with diligence.


Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of husbands. Remember all men would be tyrants if they could.


I've always felt that a person's intelligence is directly reflected by the number of conflicting points of view he can entertain simultaneously on the same topic.


If particular care and attention is not paid to the ladies, we are determined to foment a rebellion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any laws in which we have no voice or representation.


I begin to think, that a calm is not desirable in any situation in life. Man was made for action and for bustle too, I believe.


We have too many high sounding words, and too few actions that correspond to them

Henry Brooks Adams
(1838-1918) American Historian

A friend in power is a friend lost.


Nothing in education is so astonishing as the amount of ignorance it accumulates in the form of inert facts.


Chaos often breeds life, when order breeds habit.


No one means all he says, and yet very few say all they mean.


Friends are born, not made.


In plain words, Chaos was the law of nature Order was the dream of man.


No man means all he says, and yet very few say all they mean, for words are slippery and thought is viscous.


The woman who is known only through a man is known wrong.


One friend in a lifetime is much, two are many, three are hardly possible. Friendship needs a certain parallelism of life, a community of thought, a rivalry of aim.


You say that love is nonsense - I tell you it is no such thing. For weeks and months it is a steady physical pain, an ache about the heart, never leaving one, by night or by day; a long strain on one's nerves like toothache or rheumatism, not intolerable at any one instant, but exhausting by its steady drain on the strength.


Practical politics consists in ignoring facts.


The proper study of mankind is woman.


Morality is a private and costly luxury.


A teacher affects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops.


No man likes to have his intelligence or good faith questioned, especially if he has doubts about it himself.


They know enough who know how to learn.
Aesop
(620-560BC) Legendary Greek Fabulist

He that is discontented in one place will seldom be content in another.

A crust eaten in peace is better than a banquet partaken in anxiety.

A doubtful friend is worse than a certain enemy. Let a man be one thing or the other, and we then know how to meet him.

A liar will not be believed, even when he speaks the truth.

Appearances are deceptive.

Better be wise by the misfortunes of others than by your own.

Beware lest you lose the substance by grasping at the shadow.

Example is the best precept.

Familiarity breeds contempt.

Fine clothes may disguise, but foolish words will disclose a fool.

He that is neither one thing nor the other has no friends.

It is easy to be brave from a safe distance.

It is in vain to expect our prayers to be heard, if we do not strive as well as pray.

It is with our passions, as it is with fire and water, they are good servants but bad masters.

Little by little does the trick.

Men often bear little grievances with less courage than they do large misfortunes.

Much outcry, little outcome.

Never trust the advice of a man in difficulties.

No act of kindness, no matter how small, is ever wasted.

Our insignificance is often the cause of our safety.

Outside show is a poor substitute for inner worth.

People often grudge others what they cannot enjoy themselves.

Persuasion is often more effectual than force.

Please all, and you will please none.

Plodding wins the race.

Put your shoulder to the wheel.

Self-conceit may lead to self-destruction.

Slow and steady wins the race.

The gods help them that help themselves.

The injuries we do and the injuries we suffer are seldom weighed on the same scales.

The little reed, bending to the force of the wind, soon stood upright again when the storm had passed over.

The smaller the mind the greater the conceit.

The unhappy derive comfort from the misfortunes of others.

We hang the petty thieves and appoint the great ones to public office.

We often despise what is most useful to us.

We often give our enemies the means for our own destruction.

We should look to the mind, and not to the outward appearance.

We would often be sorry if our wishes were granted.

Wealth unused might as well not exist.

What a splendid head, yet no brain.

Yield to all and you will soon have nothing to yield.

Akhenaton
(~1362BC) Monotheist, King of Egypt (1379-62BC)

As the ostrich when pursued hideth his head, but forgetteth his body; so the fears of a coward expose him to danger.


Honor is the inner garment of the Soul; the first thing put on by it with the flesh, and the last it layeth down at its separation from it.


Indulge not thyself in the passion of anger; it is whetting a sword to wound thine own breast, or murder thy friend.


The ambitious will always be first in the crowd; he presseth forward, he looketh not behind him. More anguish is it to his mind to see one before him, than joy to leave thousands at a distance.


Why seeketh thou revenge, O man! with what purpose is it that thou pursuest it? Thinkest thou to pain thine adversary by it? Know that thou thyself feelest its greatest torments.


As the whirlwind in its fury teareth up trees, and deformeth the face of nature, or as an earthquake in its convulsions overturneth whole cities; so the rage of an angry man throweth mischief around him.


As a camel beareth labor, and heat, and hunger, and thirst, through deserts of sand, and fainteth not; so the fortitude of a man shall sustain him through all perils.


What is the source of sadness, but feebleness of the mind? What giveth it power but the want of reason? Rouse thyself to the combat, and she quitteth the field before thou strikest.


Hear the words of prudence, give heed unto her counsels, and store them in thine heart; her maxims are universal, and all the virtues lean upon her; she is the guide and the mistress of human life.


True wisdom is less presuming than folly. The wise man doubteth often, and changeth his mind; the fool is obstinate, and doubteth not; he knoweth all things but his own ignorance.
Henri Frederic Amiel
(1821-1881) Swiss Philosopher, Poet, Critic

An error is the more dangerous in proportion to the degree of truth, which it contains.


Truth is not only violated by falsehood; it may be outraged by silence.


Life is short and we have never too much time for gladdening the hearts of those who are traveling the dark journey with us. Oh be swift to love, make haste to be kind.


A belief is not true because it is useful.


Analysis kills spontaneity. The grain once ground into flour springs and germinates no more.


The man who insists upon seeing with perfect clearness before he decides, never decides. Accept life, and you must accept regret.


Doubt of the reality of love ends by making us doubt everything.


Doing easily what others find difficult is talent; doing what is impossible for talent is genius.


Truth above all, even when it upsets and overwhelms us

Aristotle
(384-322BC) Greek Philosopher, Scientist
Aristotle, the ancient Greek philosopher and scientist, was one of the two greatest intellectual figures produced by the Greeks (the other being Plato). He surveyed the whole of human knowledge as it was known in the Mediterranean world in his day. Aristotle's intellectual range was vast, covering most of the sciences and many of the arts. He worked in physics, chemistry, biology, zoology, and botany; in psychology, political theory, and ethics; in logic and metaphysics; in history, literary theory, and rhetoric.

His greatest achievements were in two unrelated areas: he invented the study of formal logic, devising for it a finished system, known as Aristotelian syllogistic, that for centuries was regarded as the sum of logic; and he pioneered the study of zoology, both observational and theoretical, in which his work was not surpassed until the 19th century. Aristotle's historical importance is second to none, and his work remains a powerful component in current philosophical debate.


We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, therefore, is not an act but a habit.


A man who is angry on the right grounds, against the right persons, in the right manner, at the right moment, and for the right length of time deserves great praise.


All human actions have one or more of these seven causes: chance, nature, compulsions, habit, reason, passion, desire.


Dignity consists not in possessing honors, but in the consciousness that we deserve them.


Happiness is the meaning and the purpose of life, the whole aim and end of human existence.


If things do not turn out as we wish, we should wish for them as they turn out.


It is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought without accepting it.


My best friend is the man who in wishing me well wishes it for my sake.


The worst form of inequality is to try to make unequal things equal.


What is a friend? A single soul dwelling in two bodies.

Isaac Asimov
(1920-1992) Russian-born American Biochemist, Science Fiction Writer

It has been my philosophy in life, That difficulties vanish when faced boldly.


Never let your sense of morals prevent you from doing what is right.


From my close observation of writers - they fall into two groups: 1) those who bleed copiously and visibly at any bad review, and 2) those who bleed copiously and secretly at any bad review.


It is change, continuing change, inevitable change, that is the dominant factor in society today. No sensible decision can be made any longer without taking into account not only the world as it is, but the world as it will be. This, in turn, means that our statesmen, our businessmen, our everyman must take on a science fictional way of thinking.


The most exciting phrase to hear in science, the one that heralds new discoveries, is not 'Eureka!' (I've found it!), but 'That's funny - '.


It has been my philosophy in life, That difficulties vanish when faced boldly.


Science fiction writers foresee the inevitable, and although problems and catastrophes may be inevitable, solutions are not.


Self-education is, I firmly believe, the only kind of education there is.


The true delight is in the finding out rather than in the knowing.


To surrender to ignorance and call it God has always been premature, and it remains premature today.


Violence is the last refuge of the incompetent.

Jane Austen
(1775-1817) English Novelist

I do not want people to be agreeable, as it saves me the trouble of liking them.


I have been a selfish being all my life, in practice, though not in principle.


In nine cases out of ten, a woman had better show more affection than she feels.


It was, perhaps, one of those cases in which advice is good or bad only as the event decides.


Nobody can tell what I suffer! But it is always so. Those who do not complain are never pitied.


One half of the world cannot understand the pleasures of the other.


There is safety in reserve, but no attraction. One cannot love a reserved person.


Where an opinion is general, it is usually correct.


Where so many hours have been spent in convincing myself that I am right, is there not some reason to fear I may be wrong?


Why not seize the pleasure at once? How often is happiness destroyed by preparation, foolish preparation.


You have delighted us long enough.

Richard David Bach
(1936~) American Author

Argue for your limitations and sure enough they're yours.


As a rule, what is out of sight disturbs men's minds more seriously than what they see.


A tiny change today brings us to a dramatically different tomorrow. There are grand rewards for those who pick the high hard roads, but those rewards are hidden by years.


Ask yourself the secret of your success. Listen to your answer, and practice it.


Don't be dismayed at goodbyes. A farewell is necessary before you can meet again. And meeting again, after moments or lifetimes, is certain for those who are friends.


Every person, all the events of your life are there because you have drawn them there. What you choose to do with them is up to you.


Every problem has a gift for you in its hands.


Learning is finding out what you already know.


Real love stories never have endings.


Sometimes when learning comes before experience It doesn't make sense right away.


Sooner or later, those who win are those who think they can.


The bond that links your true family is not one of blood, but of respect and joy in each other's life. Rarely do members of one family grow up under the same roof.


The mark of your ignorance is the depth of your belief in injustice and tragedy. What the caterpillar calls the end of the world, the master calls a butterfly.


The meaning I picked, the one that changed my life: Overcome fear, behold wonder.


There are no mistakes. The events we bring upon ourselves, no matter how unpleasant, are necessary in order to learn what we need to learn; whatever steps we take, they're necessary to reach the places we've chosen to go.


You are never given a wish without also being given the power to make it true. You may have to work for it, however.


Your only obligation in any lifetime is to be true to yourself. Being true to anyone else or anything else is not only impossible, but the mark of a fake messiah.
James Baldwin
(1924-1987) American Novelist, Essayist

Children have never been very good at listening to their elders, but they have never failed to imitate them.


A platitude is simply a truth repeated till people get tired of hearing it.


An identity would seem to be arrived at by the way in which the person faces and uses his experience.


Be careful what you set your heart upon - for it will surely be yours.


Experience is a private, and a very largely speechless affair.


Experience, which destroys innocence, also leads one back to it.


I imagine one of the reasons people cling to their hates so stubbornly is because they sense, once hate is gone, they will be forced to deal with pain.


Love takes off the masks that we fear we cannot live without and know we cannot live within.


Not everything that is faced can be changed, but nothing can be changed until it is faced.


One can learn from one's errors. What one cannot survive is allowing other people to make your errors for you.


People who cannot make love make money.


People who shut their eyes to reality simply invite their own destruction, and anyone who insists on remaining in a state of innocence long after that innocence is dead turns himself into a monster.


The future is like heaven - everyone exalts it, but no one wants to go there now.


The purpose of art is to lay bare the questions which have been hidden by the answers.


We have all had the experience of finding that our reactions and perhaps even our deeds have denied beliefs we thought were ours.


When one begins to live by habit and by quotation, one has begun to stop living.

Henry Ward Beecher
(1813-1887) American Preacher, Orator, Writer

Clothes and manners do not make the man; but, when he is made, they greatly improve his appearance.


Doctrine is nothing but the skin of truth set up and stuffed.


Every artist dips his brush in his own soul, and paints his own nature into his pictures.


Flowers are the sweetest things God ever made and forgot to put a soul into.


Greatness lies not in being strong, but in the right use of strength.


I never knew how to worship until I knew how to love.


Never forget what a man says to you when he is angry.


Speak when you're angry and you'll make the best speech you'll ever regret.


The ability to convert ideas to things is the secret of outward success.


The difference between perseverance and obstinacy is: that one often comes from a strong will, and the other from a strong won't.


The head learns new things, but the heart forever more practices old experiences.


There are three schoolmasters for everybody that will employ them - the senses, intelligent companions, and books.


To know that one has a secret is to know half the secret itself.


You cannot sift out the poor from the community. The poor are indispensable to the rich.


Young love is a flame; very pretty, often very hot and fierce, but still only light and flickering. The love of the older and disciplined heart is as coals, deep burning, unquenchable.

Alexander Graham Bell
(1847-1922) Scottish-born Canadian Inventor, Educator, Telephone Pioneer

Concentrate all your thoughts on the task at hand. The sun's rays do not burn until brought to a focus.


A man, as a general rule, owes very little to what he is born with - a man is what he makes of himself.


Before anything else, preparation is the key to success.


Great discoveries and improvements invariably involve the cooperation of many minds. I may be given credit for having blazed the trail, but when I look at the subsequent developments I feel the credit is due to others rather than to myself.


The achievement of one goal should be the starting point of another.

Henri-Louis Bergson
(1859-1941) French Philosopher, Psychologist, Nobel Prize Winner

The eye sees only what the mind is prepared to comprehend.


Think like a man of action, and act like a man of thought.


Art has no other object than to set aside the symbols of practical utility, the generalities that are conventionally and socially accepted, everything in fact which masks reality from us, in order to set us face to face with reality itself.


To exist is to change, to change is to mature, to mature is to go on creating oneself endlessly.

Ambrose Bierce
(1842-1913) American Author, Editor, Journalist

A specialist is one who knows everything about something and nothing about anything else.


Acquaintance: A degree of friendship called slight when its object is poor or obscure, and intimate when he is rich or famous.


All are lunatics, but he who can analyze his delusion is called a philosopher.


An egotist is a person of low taste--more interested in himself than in me.


Beauty. The power by which a woman charms a lover and terrifies a husband.


Brain: an apparatus with which we think we think.


Consult. To seek another's approval of a course already decided on.


Corporation. An ingenious device for obtaining individual profit without individual responsibility.


Deliberation. The act of examining one's bread to determine which side it is buttered on.


Destiny. a tyrant's authority for crime, and a fool's excuse for failure.


Faith: Belief without evidence in what is told by one who speaks without knowledge, of things without parallel.


Fidelity. A virtue peculiar to those who are about to be betrayed.


Future. That period of time in which our affairs prosper, our friends are true and our happiness is assured.


Genius. To know without having learned; to draw just conclusions from Anonymous premises; to discern the soul of things.


In religion we believe only what we do not understand, except in the instance of an intelligible doctrine that contradicts an incomprehensible one. In that case we believe the former as a part of the latter.


Love: a temporary insanity, curable by marriage.


There is nothing new under the sun, but there are lots of old things we don't know.

William Blake
(1757-1827) English Poet, Mystic, Painter

A truth that's told with bad intent Beats all the lies you can invent.


Exuberance is beauty.


A fool sees not the same tree that a wise man sees.


He who desires, but acts not, breeds pestilence.


He whose face gives no light, shall never become a star.


I was angry with my friend: I told my wrath, my wrath did end. I was angry with my foe: I told it not, my wrath did grow.


If a thing loves, it is infinite.


It is easier to forgive an enemy than to forgive a friend.


No bird soars too high if he soars with his own wings.


The tree which moves some to tears of joy is in the eyes of others only a green thing that stands in the way. Some see nature all ridicule and deformity - and some scarce see nature at all. But to the eyes of the man of imagination, nature is imagination itself.


To see a World in a Grain of Sand And a Heaven in a Wild Flower, Hold Infinity in the palm of your hand And Eternity in an hour.


What is now proved was once only imagined.

Napoleon Bonaparte
(1769-1821) French Soldier, Emperor

There are only two forces that unite men - fear and interest.

A man will fight harder for his interests than for his rights.

A man's palate can, in time, become accustomed to anything.

Ability is of little account without opportunity.

An order that can be misunderstood will be misunderstood.

Four hostile newspapers are more to be feared than a thousand bayonets.

Glory is fleeting, but obscurity is forever.

Great ambition is the passion of a great character. Those endowed with it may perform very good or very bad acts. All depends on the principals which direct them.

Great people are meteors designed to burn so that the earth may be lighted.

He who fears being conquered is sure of defeat.

History is the version of past events that people have decided to agree upon.

I love power. But it is as an artist that I love it. I love it as a musician loves his violin, to draw out its sounds and chords and harmonies.

If you want a thing done well, do it yourself.

If you wish to be success in the world, promise everything, deliver nothing.

Imagination rules the world.

Impossible is a word only to be found in the dictionary of fools.

In war as in love, to bring matters to a close, you get close together.

It is only a step from victory to disaster. My experience is that, in a crisis, some detail always decides the issue.

Kiss the feet of Popes provided their hands are tied.

Men are lead by trifles.

Never interrupt your enemy when he is making a mistake.

Nothing is more difficult, and therefore more precious, than to be able to decide.

Religion is what keeps the poor from murdering the rich.

Ten people who speak make more noise than ten thousand who are silent.

The best cure for the body is a quiet mind.

The human race is governed by its imagination.

The only conquests which are permanent and leave no regrets are our conquests over ourselves.

Throw off your worries when you throw off your clothes.

Truth alone wounds.

What a mess we are in now - peace has been declared.

You must not fight too often with one enemy, or you will teach him all your tricks of war.

Elizabeth Bowen
(1899-1973) Anglo-Irish Novelist

Art is one thing that can go on mattering once it has stopped hurting.


Jealousy is no more than feeling alone against smiling enemies.


Art is the only thing that can go on mattering, once it has stopped hurting.


Experience isn't interesting till it begins to repeat itself - in fact, till it does that, it hardly is experience.


Fate is not an eagle, it creeps like a rat.


Let's face it - who ever is adequate? We all create situations each other can't live up to, then break our hearts at them because they don't.


Life is a succession of readjustments.


Memory is to love what the saucer is to the cup.


Nobody speaks the truth when there is something they must have.


Only in a house where one has learnt to be lonely does one have this solicitude for things. One's relation to them, the daily seeing or touching, begins to become love, and to lay one open to pain.


Some people are moulded by their admirations, others by their hostilities.


When you love someone all your saved-up wishes start coming out.

Louis D. Brandeis
(1856-1941) U.S. Supreme Court Justice (1916-39)

Behind every great man is an even greater woman!


Behind every argument is someone's ignorance.


Experience should teach us to be most on our guard to protect liberty when the government's purposes are beneficent - the greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well meaning but without understanding.


Neutrality is at times a graver sin than belligerence." - Louis D. Brandeis (1856-1941) U.S. Supreme Court Justice


The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.